More Thoughts about Worldbuilding and Food

Last month, I wrote an article about how I find the concept of “worldbuilding” to be overrated, which has generated a lot of discussion, some interesting responses, and a fair amount of angry tweets.

Since the article continues to be read and talked about, I want to expand and clarify a few points. If you aren’t interested in some meandering and possibly pedantic thoughts about craft and genre, you might want to click away now. However, if you want to argue with me about dwarves and aliens, let’s dive in!

Although before you do, please read my original essay:

Against Worldbuilding

Chopping Down One Tree in the Forest

Before I get into defending my arguments, the near perfect example of the attitude that baffles me came across my Twitter feed recently. It was RT’d as an essential thread “for worldbuilders” to read. It began:

Now I don’t know Ellis, and I’m not trying to single this tweet storm (or the author) as particularly egregious. I’m quoting them because I find them typical of the attitude that baffles me. You can read the whole thread here. Everything Ellis says is correct, if you assume realism is the goal of these shows and movies. But here’s the rub: there’s not a single remotely realistic thing about something like The 100! That show follows a group of teens sent back to earth after a nuclear war made the planet uninhabitable. Deer are mutated. Normal people die in seconds from the radiation. To pick one example of the absurdity of the show — the 100 teens are said to have “evolved” immunity to the nuclear radiation that instantly kills normal humans (some of whom live in a nuclear shelter and are the primary antagonists of one season)… after three generations! Needless to say, that’s a little quick for evolution.

Indeed, the fact that teenagers are wasteful instead of intelligently saving every scrap might be the single most realistic part of the entire show. Here’s the realistic worldbuilding version of The 100: the teens are sent to earth and all die quickly and painfully. The end.

When we critique a work (and there are plenty of reasons to critique The 100 or Waterworld), we need to do it on the terms of the work itself. Those terms aren’t always realism, scientific accuracy, or historical accuracy.

Against Worldbuilding, Not Against SF/F

Some readers assumed I was a snobby literary fiction author who hates genre fiction. I promise you this isn’t the case. My own story collection has zombies and Lovecraftian monsters. I count Bradbury, Atwood, Delaney, Ballard, Butler, and many other SF/F authors as among my all time favorites, and consider them every bit the match for my favorite so-called “literary” authors.

Here’s the realistic worldbuilding version of The 100: the teens are sent to earth and all die quickly and painfully. The end.

Nor do I think that worldbuilding fiction is inherently bad. There is a place for all kinds of narrative houses in the vast city of fiction! My argument is that worldbuilding is overrated and overused. That a concept that’s useful for certain kinds of fiction (such as epic second world fantasy or role-playing games that require clear rules for gamers to follow) is being inappropriately applied to all fiction genres. That expectations for worldbuilding in all genres have become a problem, causing readers (and critics) to focus on background details while missing the essential aspects of a story and leading to quick dismissals of different fictional modes.

Since I made the mistake of listing some literary counterpoints to worldbuilding, let me pick an unquestionably SF one here: William Gibson discussing game makers who wanted to turn Neuromancer into a board game:

“They set me down and questioned me about the world. They asked me where the food in the Sprawl comes from. I said I don’t know. I don’t even know what they eat. A lot of krill and shit. They looked at each other and said it’s not gameable. That was the end of it.

“The Peripheral is not gameable. It has a very high resolution surface. But it’s not hyperrealistic down into the bones of some imaginary world. I think that would be pointless. It would be like one of those non-existent Borgesian encyclopedias that describe everything about an imaginary place and all of it is self-contradictory.”

And a bit more forcefully, here is SF author M. John Harrison:

“Every moment of a science fiction story must represent the triumph of writing over worldbuilding.

“Worldbuilding is dull. Worldbuilding literalises the urge to invent. Worldbuilding gives an unnecessary permission for acts of writing (indeed, for acts of reading). Worldbuilding numbs the reader’s ability to fulfil their part of the bargain, because it believes that it has to do everything around here if anything is going to get done.

“Above all, worldbuilding is not technically necessary. It is the great clomping foot of nerdism. It is the attempt to exhaustively survey a place that isn’t there. A good writer would never try to do that, even with a place that is there.”

Do we need more terms for imagined worlds?

In my essay, I made a distinction between the common concept of worldbuilding (the idea that worlds should have clear rules the reader can understand, that authors should work out the realistic workings of their world beyond the scope of the story, and the idea that more details = better fiction) and what I called worldconjuring (evoking a world through thematic and resonant details without being overly concerned with whether the world could truly exist).

One common critique of the essay argued that worldconjuring was just a type of worldbuilding, a minimalist version that didn’t need its own term. It’s a fair argument. I’m not planning to write a non-fiction book on worldconjuring, and the term isn’t a hill I’m trying to die on.

That said, different terms are often necessary for things that exist on a spectrum. What’s the difference between a pebble, a rock, and a boulder? The size cutoff between those terms is largely arbitrary, and yet it’s still useful to distinguish a pebble from a boulder. So too, I think, is it useful to distinguish creating a world through thematically resonant details and expecting the reader to fill in the gaps, and trying to flesh out a “real” version of a fake world that explores how changes to the world would “really” affect it. This is more than semantics. From a creative point of view, I believe it affects how one writes.

What’s the difference between a pebble, a rock, and a boulder? The size cutoff between those terms is largely arbitrary, and yet it’s still useful to distinguish a pebble from a boulder.

Think of William Gibson again. Many SF readers, myself included, would consider the Sprawl trilogy to have one of the most memorable SF worlds… and yet, as he says above, Gibson rejects the idea of a hyperrealistic, fleshed-out world. Instead, Gibson created a future noir aesthetic that took tropes from hardboiled detective fiction and spun them into a futuristic setting. He did this by picking details, set pieces, and characters that fit the themes and atmosphere he wanted to create. A different writer who was focused on creating a realistic and fleshed-out world would have written an entirely different book. A version of Neuromancer built on modern principles of hyperrealistic worldbuilding wouldn’t necessarily be a bad novel. It might be great! But it would be a very different novel, which is why we need different terms and different ways of critically evaluating different types of fiction.

A pebble strikes Earth

Literary people can write entire books on the different effects of 1st person voice or 3rd person voice, and fans have endless arguments about a dozen different SF subgenres. I think we could stand to have more than one term to describe the making of fictional realities.

Semantics Schemantics

A perfect example of why I think a term like worldconjuring is necessary can be seen in the rebuttal article Emily Temple wrote for Lit Hub. (Full disclosure: I know and like Temple IRL.) Unsurprisingly (it’s a rebuttal, after all), I take issue with most of what she says. For example I started my essay saying that that worldbuilding is used everywhere from universities to video game reviews as evidence that it was a term worth discussing, not to “clutch pearls” about fantasy terms being used in college classes. (As a professor, my syllabuses include Ursula K. Le Guin and Kurt Vonnegut!)

But Temple’s main argument is that worldbuilding means, well, any and everything. Let me quote her fully:

When I use the term worldbuilding with creative writing students, I use it to mean the existence of an internal logic, mood, or yes, set of descriptions that gives their work a sense of context — which may or may not be a spatial or historical context. For instance, I find the voice in Claire-Louise Bennett’s Pond to be as much a kind of worldbuilding as her descriptions of the landscape, because the world of the novel has so much to do with her mind. Michel mentions Kobo Abe’s The Woman in the Dunes as a novel that would be ruined by worldbuilding, and he’s right that it would be ruined by any more worldbuilding, but honestly Abe does a fairly thorough job of building the world of the hole, which is also the world of the novel. It’s a monotonous world, but it’s a complete one. This is only true if you subscribe to a wider definition of the term, of course.

Temple uses the term worldbuilding to encompass, as near as I can parse, every aspect of a story. If mood or voice are part of worldbuilding, then certainly characters (e.g., the archetypes of hardboiled fiction), plots (e.g., the quests in epic fantasy), setting, atmosphere, and everything else is as well. Is such a broad definition useful at all?

If I said a novel’s worldbuilding was faulty you’d know that the mechanics of the world weren’t properly thought out. If I said I wished a story had more worldbuilding, you’d know I wanted more details about how the fictional world works. With Temple’s definition, though, if I said the worldbuilding was faulty, I could be referring to anything from inconsistent narrative voice to a lack of atmosphere. What does it mean then to say Abe’s novel would be “be ruined by any more worldbuilding”? More voice would ruin it? More mood? If everything is worldbuilding, worldbuilding is always at its limit and is either simply good or bad but never less or more.

Immersions

immerse yourself in the world

Some readers said that worldbuilding creates a more immersive world, and helps the reader slide into the story easier. Different readers need and want different things, so this is surely true for some people.

For me, however, I’ll say that excessive worldbuilding tends to take me out of the story, because the worldbuilding is conveyed unrealistically and the focus on the worldbuilding details only highlights how impossible worldbuilding actually is. By “conveyed unrealistically,” I mean the painful exposition where characters explain their world to each other in a way that nobody would ever do in real life. If you simply tell me someone has X implausible SF weapon, I may go with it. If you spend 10 pages explaining the workings of X, I’m way more likely to be thinking about how the explanation doesn’t really make sense.

In my original thread, I noted how often fans poke holes in massive, worldbuilding works like Harry Potter, Lord of the Rings, or A Song of Ice and Fire. I also notice plenty of holes in the plot and worlds, and it’s hard not to think that they’re so glaring precisely because the works spend so much time worldbuilding. By contrast, Stephen King’s Dark Tower series — especially the first book, The Gunslinger — just throws crazy shit at you without stopping to pretend it could really work. I never stopped to wonder about the workings of The Gunslinger’s world, because King wasn’t asking me too.

Is Realistic Fantasy Worldbuilding Even Possible?

If you are writing near-future SF, you can, if you want, give a realistic picture of how our society might be changed by some technologies. You’re likely to be completely wrong — like the historical SF that obsessed over flying cars yet never imagined the internet— but you can do so in a logical way. When it comes to far future SF, or most fantasy, the picture is dicier.

Going back to A Song of Ice and Fire as an example, the worldbuilding problems in that series are countless, if you care to focus on them. As I noted in my first essay, a continent that gets pummeled with decades-long winters would not have the same flora and fauna as Western Europe. Hell, why are the characters eating any food items from earth? A different planet with a different evolutionary history would have entirely different creatures regardless of seasons.

But there are plenty of other problems too: the technological and political development gaps between Westeros and its near-neighbors in Essos are implausible, the entire raven communication system is bunk, the size of Westeros (roughly South America) wouldn’t allow for the political system it has or the troop movements described, it’s highly implausible that so many noble houses would have reigned in unbroken lines for thousands of years (especially when almost every noble house is on the brink of extinction after a few years in the books!). And on and on.

You know nothing about the logic of magic ravens, Jon Snow

The problem is that even the slightest change to our world would cause countless ripple effects. Even if a writer could fully explore all of them, the book would simply be boring to read. It’s much easier to have Westeros be filled with wolves and ravens and lamprey pies, for both the writer and the reader.

My least favorite example of this is fantasy that imagines magical creatures living and influencing human history. Since the existence of tons of werewolves (or wizards or vampires or whatever) would drastically change cultures, historical events, and daily life, writers have to bend into logical pretzels to explain how these powerful beings have either (a) hidden themselves away so as not to influence the world (and when have those with power ever done that?), or (b) the authors rewrite history to make it so that the Nazis were really vampires or the witch trials killed real witches. This is both silly and somewhat morally offensive, witch-washing away the real human evil our species has done to itself.

There may be some hard SF works that worldbuild in a nearly complete and realistic way, but I’d submit that there’s essentially no popular work of SF or F that holds up to any real worldbuilding scrutiny: Star Wars, Dune, Game of Thrones, Lord of the Rings, Harry Potter, The Walking Dead, etc.

But none of this is to say I don’t like works about, say, werewolves. I do. Stories like Le Guin’s “A Wife’s Story” or Nathan Ballingrud’s “Wild Acre,” among countless others, tell great stories about traditional werewolves. They do so by telling the individual stories of a few characters, though, not by rebuilding our reality to include werewolves in life and history.

Always try the lamprey pie

Whatever Works Is Whatever Works

I’ll end by saying that most of my focus here, and in the original essay, has been focused on the reading side of books: how fans and critics think and talk about literature. The writing side is a whole different question. People often complain that SF/F works are too stuffed with exposition and focus on the details of the world over the details of the characters or story. I think that can happen, and I do think the focus on worldbuilding encourages it.

But it is also certainly true that whatever works for a writer is the only thing that matters. Some writers may eschew thinking about the logic of their world entirely, others may need to write an encyclopedia of worldbuilding details before understanding what they are writing (even if few of those details make the final text). The process of writing a book is a whole separate thing from the process of evaluating one. If writing on napkins, creating fake languages, editing in a hot tub, drafting with urine on a snowbank, or anything else helps you make a great piece of fiction then go for it!

Build your worlds in whatever way works for you.

Discovering the Subconscious of Santiago Ramón y Cajal

I am not a neurologist nor have I studied the intricacies of our nervous system in a way that would even come close to those who consider themselves neurology enthusiasts. Benjamin Ehrlich is one such enthusiast; having co-founded a blog entitled “The Beautiful Brain,” which focuses on dialogue between neuroscience, art and other fields of inquiry. Ehrlich’s most recent work is the first English translation of the dreams of Spanish born neuroscientist Santiago Ramón y Cajal, who discovered that the nervous system is made up of the individual cells we know today as neurons. By virtue of his work, Cajal is often referred to as the “father of modern neuroscience.” When I ask Ehrlich if he himself studied neurology I find that his expertise began at the same level as my own.

“I started investigating the sources of my mind after college. I studied Comparative Literature. I knew nothing about science. Then I had, for lack of a better term, a nervous breakdown. One doctor sketched a neuron for me on a cocktail napkin. It looked like a stupid cartoon. I coopted the theory of reductive materialism to identify some concrete object for me to blame. Modern neuroscience seems to believe that that the mind emerges from the brain. My life was in shambles, and so it had to be my brain’s fault.”

Ehrlich began engaging in conversation with two good friends who were studying neurology, often arguing about the nature of things. One of them turned him on to Cajal. He was mesmerized with Cajal not only as a neuroscientist but also as a person. Ehrlich checked out books from universities on Cajal and asked friends to do so when he no longer had access, sent blind e-mail inquires to leading Cajal scholars, listened to lectures on iTunes University and Academic Earth, met with top neuroscientists to pick their brain, and made flashcards to test the retention of his self-taught science course.

“His life and work are great gifts that I am continuously exploring,” Ehrlich tells me when we chat about the book.

Ehrlich’s work is divided into two parts and indulges neurology experts as well as stirs a curiosity in those, such as myself, who have a vague understanding of this branch of science. The Dreams of Santiago Ramón y Cajal is both a portrait of Cajal’s legacy as well as a testament to the beauty and vulnerability that occurs when our brain and body communicates.

Though Cajal’s legacy is monumental; he is lesser known than his pioneering counterparts such as Newton, Darwin, and Einstein. For those who are unfamiliar with Cajal, the first part of the book reads as a biography. Readers become acquainted with his life and work, which are heavily intertwined. Before Cajal, the brain was seen as a “continuous web” as opposed to the individual units known as neurons that Cajal discovered them to be through his use of the Golgi stain. He, as well as Golgi, received the Nobel Prize for his groundbreaking work on the structure of the nervous system in 1906.

One of Cajal’s most interesting qualities was that he was a visual learner with an innate artistic ability. His initial desire was to become a professional artist. Cajal’s talent is evident in his sketches that Ehrlich has included in the book.

Courtesy Cajal Legacy, Instituto Cajal (CSIC), Madrid.

“The moment when I saw his drawings was like an awakening for me. They were intricate, fragile, and more astounding than I ever could have imagined. I thought about what Nabokov said about the “sob in the spine.” It was like my nervous system was speaking to me, like my neurons were finally recognizing themselves.”

Courtesy Cajal Legacy, Instituto Cajal (CSIC), Madrid.

In fact, his medical artistry from what he discovered beneath the microscope is still used today in many textbooks. His father, Justo Ramón, a local surgeon, was less enthused by Cajal’s artistic inclinations. He expected Cajal to follow the same medical career path as he had.

Courtesy Cajal Legacy, Instituto Cajal (CSIC), Madrid.

“Cajal’s father treated Cajal’s artistic impulses as symptoms of psychological disease, which he tried time and again to eradicate,” Ehrlich writes.

He attempted to persuade his son to study medicine via numerous methods throughout Cajal’s life. Ramón would confiscate any artwork of the young Cajal and destroy it. He had also banned works of fiction in their household, the only type of reading Cajal was allowed to indulge in were medical books. However, Cajal was still an avid reader of fiction despite his father’s efforts. His mother would pass novels to him in secret and he also sought books outside of his home.

Double Take: Joan of Arc in a World of Endless War

Perhaps one of the most drastic attempts by Ramón to persuade his son to study medicine occurred when Cajal was sixteen years old. His father brought him to a local cemetery where they exhumed a corpse and Ramón demonstrated dissection. This experience successfully ignited an interest in anatomy within Cajal and he began to connect his love of art with science. He eventually enrolled in medical school. In a sense, Justo Ramón’s expectations for his son had been fulfilled however, when Cajal left his hometown of Zaragoza, he never returned to see his father.

The heart of the biography draws parallels between Cajal and Freud who were contemporaries. Freud’s theories fueled Cajal’s desire to begin recording his dream diary. Cajal began taking notes on his dreams at sixty-six and continued to do so for the next sixteen years. He recorded his dreams in opposition to Freud; his objective was to counter the theories of psychoanalysis, which he believed to be “collective lies.”

Freud and Cajal are perfect complements. I thought of their relationship in terms of geometry. They were almost exact contemporaries. But their career arcs seem almost inverse and reciprocal to each other. Freud started as a neurobiologist (few people know about that phase), and Cajal started as an experimental psychologist (fewer people know about that phase). Each represents the foundation of a modern discipline — psychoanalysis and neurobiology — still vying, a century later, to define the nature of the human mind. I think that the biographies of these two men provide a lot of insight into their theories. It is impossible to separate the ideas from the human beings, in my opinion. The takeaway from this diary, for me, is that the two of them clearly needed each other. Cajal, with all of his unresolved issues with his father, might have benefitted from the analyst’s couch, while Freud, with his wilder and more speculative theories that departed from empirical fact, might have been wise to heed Cajal’s call for more scientific rigor and discipline.”

The last chapters of Part One give insight into the emotional aspects that Cajal has omitted in his dream records. Ehrlich fills in the blanks for us, of Cajal’s deteriorating health, his acute depression and reminds us of the things and people that Cajal loved. Around the time when Cajal started recording his dreams, his health had badly declined and he was advised by his doctors to stay indoors. A man who often found joy in nature was confined to his home for much of his old age. He withdrew from society, even declining to attend a ceremony celebrating Cajal’s legacy organized by the King of Spain.

“He was deeply wounded, and his was suffering was intense. That came through loudly and clearly. To some, Cajal is almost mythic. He propagated that image himself, from time to time. Despite Cajal’s best efforts, his vulnerability in this diary is everywhere. He notes his pain only glancingly, to insist that it isn’t painful. His wife dies, his health deteriorates, and his childhood trauma haunts him. It was and is an emotional document, signified by total absence of emotion.”

When I begin Part Two, Cajal’s translated book of dreams, I am reading his words with the knowledge that Ehrlich has provided me about Cajal’s disposition — how he pushes away emotion in an effort to seek logic. Ehrlich also notes that this practice may have also been done in an effort to salvage and protect his scientific mind in the wake of his ailing health. However, his seemingly stoic sentences carry more depth and struggle than one would initially think. He addresses dreams or rather nightmares that involve personal tragedies with a certain amount of distance. One dream in particular involves him seeing his dead wife and despite the love that Ehrlich has outlined in the first part of the book, Cajal makes no mention of the pain of missing her. In other dream entries, he concludes them with his own judgments with final notes such as “pure nonsense.”

When I discuss which of Cajal’s dreams had the biggest impact on Ehrlich he mentions another that involves family and loss, in which Cajal attempts to save his drowning daughter.

“The drowning dream sheds light on his suffering and that loss. That dream, which actually recurs once more, was all that I needed to read. It gave me a deeper respect for grief and how it might show up.”

Cajal never published this work and upon his death, left all his belongings & research to the university or his family but his dream diary was given specifically to his former student, psychiatrist José Germain Cebrián.

“If he wanted to destroy the work, because he felt that it did not succeed, because it was a weak rebuttal of Freud in the end, he could have tossed it into the fire himself. It is that old Kafka question. Then, to give it to someone else before he died, rather than publish it while alive, seems like he’s denying himself the ego gratification that spurred him to take up arms against Freud in the first place. Did he want it to be printed, or not? Did he want to be healed? That is the question.”

Germain, who ironically became an advocate of Freud, typed up the dreams, which had been written on loose notes and in the margins of magazines, into a proper manuscript. He held onto it after he fled Spain during Franco’s rise to power. His manuscript was recovered in 2013 and published in Spain in 2014.

Though Cajal recorded these dreams with the intention to test them against Freud’s theories, it is challenging not to interpret them through a Freudian lens. It’s hard to separate the man that we learn Cajal to be in Part One of the book from his subconscious we encounter in Part Two. This falls in line with Ehrlich’s motivation to bring a deeper understanding of Cajal’s legacy to readers as well as whom he was, and what he endured, as a person.

“I hope readers can be moved by the intimacy and vulnerability of the dream diary itself. It is challenging, in a way, because on the surface Cajal offers only the facts and not much emotion. Yet just behind the image that he is desperately trying to present, is all of this negative space, an ocean of sadness and longing. All that I wanted to do with my introduction was to help readers access this level by decoding some of the references and providing the necessary background. More than anything else, though, I want people to love and appreciate Cajal and his humanity, what he accomplished — which was incredible — and how.”

Escaping the Idea of Girl Power

Why isn’t there a genre dedicated to the coming-of-age stories of creatives, a bildungsroman for artists? There are certainly enough books to compile a canon — Sheila Heti’s How Should a Person Be, Rachel Kushner’s The Flamethrowers, Women by Chloe Caldwell, stories that explore the difficulty of finding your voice as an artist while becoming an adult capable of living an independent life. Joining the ranks is Dana Schwartz’s novel And We’re Off, about Nora, a young artist navigating a tense relationship with her mother while traveling Europe before a summer at an art colony in Scotland.

The book captures what it means to be an artist who also feels the growing pains that every young person experiences: finding your painting style alongside getting your feelings thrashed by terrible dudes, navigating the treacherous social waters of enclosed communities while trying to find artistic mentors and collaborators. Nora hilariously narrates both the sights of Europe and her ever present anxieties, while providing an astute snapshot of the intersections of art and internet culture. With her debut novel, Schwartz asks and answers the question: how do you convince the world, your family, and of course, yourself, that you are an artist?

Schwartz and I met in Lower Manhattan and discussed ambition, the struggles between parents and artistic children, and finding your voice.

Rebecca Schuh: I love that the book’s epigraph is the Sylvia Plath quote, “I was supposed to be having the time of my life,” it brought to mind how there’s this whole cultural idea of things that you “should” be enjoying — travel, school, relationships. How do you think that damages in the moment lived experience?

Dana Schwartz: With social media, we get fixated not just on having a good experience but being able to portray that experience. How could we have fun if the lighting wasn’t good enough for an Instagram? When you go on a big trip and it’s so exciting, you have these expectations for yourself, which are compounded by social media and making sure everyone knows what a great time you’re having. I think that there’s a challenge with actually having fun when you have set expectations for yourself that it’s a once in a lifetime opportunity.

RS: It’s interesting how that intermingles with the narrator’s artistic identity. She’s trying to have this experience, but she’s also trying to find herself as an artist. Can you speak to how you went through the process of finding your voice as a writer?

DS: For Nora a lot of the issue is she doesn’t think she’s a “real” artist because she mainly draws cartoons on Tumblr, she dismisses her own art and her own talent. For me there was this challenge — having written a YA book, my instinct was to diminish it — people would say “Wow, you wrote a book!” and I would reply “Well, it’s just YA.” I think that goes into this this cultural idea that young women’s stories are less serious. Everyone was surprised that Teen Vogue was writing amazing political stories. That’s also a reason that I use The Bell Jar as an epigraph, because that story became the exception — it was a story of a young woman that took on larger cultural significance. Nora’s journey is very much reflective of my own journey, this idea that you can be a young woman and do work that matters, and it doesn’t have to fit the conception of what serious art is. A young woman’s experience is allowed to have value.

“You can be a young woman and do work that matters, and it doesn’t have to fit the conception of what serious art is. A young woman’s experience is allowed to have value.”

RS: Relationships between teen girls and their mothers are historically fraught, and you really push it to the limit by putting Nora and her mother, Alice, together on this trip in close quarters. Why do you think that relationship continues to fascinate us?

DS: Specifically I was interested in the way that relationship hits a crux when someone is leaving for college. My mom and I had a difficult relationship right at that time, and because you’re at this weird no man’s land where the teenager feels like they’re more independent and becoming an adult, and pushing away as they want to leave, while the mom is having to reconcile losing their baby, and so that creates this tricky dynamic that I hadn’t seen written about elsewhere. Parents have expectations of what sort of job and career you’re going to go for, and the teenager is super anxious because they don’t know themselves what they want to do.

Author Dana Schwartz

RS: You write a lot about the fear/disappointment that parents have with children who want to be artists. Can you speak to how that played out in your experience?

DS: I’ve been really lucky that my parents have been incredibly supportive of me, always. I was pre-med for most of college, so we definitely had a conversation my junior or senior year where I had to say, “I don’t wanna be a doctor anymore! Sike!” and they took it really well. Alice, Nora’s mother, knows an artistic path is fraught with disappointment, struggle, rejection, and challenge, and I think a parent wants to shelter their child from that. Alice is now experiencing being a single mother, and having to support herself, and sees the challenge in that — she wants her daughter to always be able to be independent. Hopefully she didn’t come across as some horrible harpie. It’s a leap of faith for both the child to willingly walk the gauntlet and choose their own path, and for a parent who loves them, to see their child go through suffering.

RS: You made it very clear that the narrator was well versed in painting and the arts, did you have any specific influences artistically growing up — how much of Nora’s influences were yours, and what of your life was different?

DS: I loved drawing and painting as a hobby when I was really young, but I am definitely not an artist. But I was lucky enough that when I graduated college and did my own European trip, I was traveling with a high school friend who was an art history major. I learned so much over my trip and I just shoehorned that into the book. I love fun facts, I love history. I was just glad that I could use this book to be an annoying know it all.

RS: Like a vessel for facts. That was one of the best things about traveling in Europe, there’s so many facts that you can just absorb. I feel like in New York it’s a similar thing, people love it, everyone wants to talk about The Power Broker.

DS: There’s so many pockets of history, and everything is more amazing with context.

RS: Absolutely. Nora’s grandfather is this famous painter, and I thought it was interesting how you were so able to clearly illustrate how she’s in his shadow, and how that affects her ambition, how did you put that to the page?

DS: Most people have some sort of privilege, and I think that acknowledging that privilege is really important, and not letting it diminish your worth as a human being is also important. No one in my life is a writer or has really taken an artistic path, but I’m empathetic, because I’ve been lucky and had a lot of advantages. In the book there’s the challenge, because Nora’s grandfather has the classic success, which is having your art be hung in a museum. No matter what sort of artist you want to be, you have to evaluate what you want your success to look like.

“No matter what sort of artist you want to be, you have to evaluate what you want your success to look like.”

RS: Was he based on any painter? Or did you come up with him?

DS: I came up with him, I think because I wanted him to be specific and successful but not the biggest deal,

RS: Right, not like “He’s Edward Hopper.”

DS: Exactly, and it was important that his success came later in life, to show that even if you are incredibly successful, it takes a long time to get there.

RS: I really loved how you captured young men and the sometimes trash things they do — how do you think that women accurately portraying their social experiences with men can help gender relations?

DS: I was tired of reading YA books where the main character fell in love with this perfect devoted man. The girl says, “I’m plain, I’m not special!” but this amazing adorable artistic athletic boy falls in love with her head over heels, and I didn’t have that experience growing up, so I was frustrated. And so, I hope that Callum, the love interest, that he comes across as kind of how teenage boys are, which is that they’re charming and flirtatious but by no means perfect. They’re just human beings and you can’t project your expectations onto someone, you can’t expect them to be your ideal vision.

RS: Yeah that’s a really good point, because vaulting them up to that prince level doesn’t help them and it doesn’t help you. I love how you place these little cultural nuggets throughout the book, my favorite was the tattooed man reading Joan Didion at the airport, it just made me laugh it was so on point. What place do you think current culture has in literature that will theoretically outlast the current moment?

DS: I thought about that a lot, since this novel definitely takes place in the present day, and I wondered, as I was writing it, if that diminished the work as a piece of art that’s going to last beyond it’s time. I just thought, I want to write a book that’s as true to my voice as I can, and that feels honest for a modern day heroine, and it felt weird to try to write a modern day seventeen year old who wasn’t making modern day cultural references, it felt disingenuous. It didn’t make sense to have a teenage artist who drew cartoons and not have them on Tumblr. That’s what she would do! And I thought, well I could make up a new thing, but that felt artificial to me.

RS: There’s a passage I wanted to discuss:

“We can come back!” my mom says, and I nod. But the truth is there are some places where you don’t quite belong yet. There’s no place here, in this bookstore that’s only open in the evenings, for Nora Parker-Holmes, the high school student from Evanston. I could walk inside, sure, but I’d be a tourist in every sense of the word. I’m not the me I need to be to belong in La Belle Hortense, and the realization fills me with a hollowness that I can’t quite describe.

It reminded me of this Meghan Daum essay, “Not What it Used to Be,” but she’s talking about that experience, the “not being there yet,” from the older perspective, looking back with nostalgia, and it was really interesting to compare those.

DS: What I was trying to capture in that moment is the way that people hold themselves back from life because you don’t feel like you deserve something yet. Like not wanting to buy nice clothes until you lose weight. The irony is, Nora does belong in that bookstore, she just has insecurities — she feels like she’s not fashionable enough, she’s not thin enough to enjoy it fully, but he fact of the matter is you would enjoy it fully if you choose to inhabit the experience. And so I hope a reader reads that critically, and thinks that they’ve felt that, and that you shouldn’t feel that way. You deserve all the happiness you want and waiting until you’re thin enough or pretty enough or old enough is just an excuse to hold yourself in stasis.

RS: That’s a really good perspective. The narrator, she has so much ambition, and there’s this bigger cultural conversation right now about women and ambition. What’s your piece on that? How can women navigate having a lot of ambition in a world that’s kind of like, nah, you shouldn’t have that.

DS: I fortunately never felt that you shouldn’t have ambition — I’m incredibly ambitious, I always have been. I think what women need to escape is this infantilization of girl power, which you see with the fearless girl on Wall Street. I think the message behind it is important, but it felt condescending. And that’s what I think girls need to escape, the idea of “girl power,” — let’s exist as women. Women need to escape this feeling that their ambition should be in a separate category from male ambition.

“Women need to escape this feeling that their ambition should be in a separate category from male ambition.”

RS: Sure, I feel especially since it’s such an old idea — when I hear girl power, I still think about the Spice Girls. And that was twenty years ago! The book is very funny, and you’re very funny on Twitter — where do you draw that conversational humor from? Is that how you talk with your friends? Is that how your brain works?

DS: I hope so! I think that with many funny people it comes form a place of deep insecurity — growing up I was never the hot girl, or the popular girl, and so if you want attention or validation you sort of have to be something else, so being funny online was the first way that I got attention from the world at all. I was on Twitter sort of just shouting into the void, and I got a little positive feedback, and then it’s something you practice.

RS: There was another passage I wanted to mention, where Callum is talking to Nora about people doing what they want to do. “You get to choose what you want to be. You don’t need skills you were born with or permission.”

It’s something really interesting to talk about with people who are following their dreams, following what you want to do. What was the fundamental thing that made you realize, “I’m going to do what I want to do.”

DS: I think it started with Guy in Your MFA the parody Twitter account — that I made it, and then I got a response from the outside world, and I got this feeling like oh, I did a thing, and people liked it, and then it got acknowledged in the world. And that sort of cause and effect motivated me to keep testing it. Like what if I tried to get an agent, what if I tried to write a book. And so I kept pushing it. I think you need that initial step — it’s really hard. I think that part of growing up and being successful is thinking, what’s stopping me, and what can I do to overcome it.

RS: And it goes back to the idea of not being there yet, what if you take away that veil and say “what if I just do it anyway.”

DS: Yeah, what if I just say I’m there? And something changes when you’re a writer, the day you say you’re a writer and just declare it to the world. I haven’t read The Secret, but that’s my version of The Secret right there — declare what you are and be it. There’s no one size fits all, everyone has something really incredibly personal holding them back from being the best they can be.

RS: The last line that stuck out to me is from the end, the letter from Nora’s grandfather, where he says “the world deserves to see how you see the world,” because that’s really what being an artist is about, putting your perspective of the world on whatever it be, the canvas, the page, the guitar.

DS: Everyone’s experience is valid, and people should put it out there. I think that the internet is really great in that it lets people do that.

RS: Right, a canvas for everyone.

DS: I think as I was writing, I was saying, a story about a normal suburban girl is valid. It’s interesting. She doesn’t save the world, she’s not dying of a rare disease, she’s not the first person to walk on Mars, she’s just a normal girl in high school, going to college, trying to figure out what she wants to do. And I want to say to the girls out there who are like that, your story is valid. You are enough, you’re interesting, no one sees the world the way you do.

10 Great Teens In Contemporary Fiction: A Reading List

Late to the Party: Stephen King’s IT

Editor’s Note: Late to the Party is a new Electric Literature series where we ask writers to read an author that, for some reason, they’ve never read.

PART 1: THE SHADOW BEFORE

Stephen King was the puppet master of my literary childhood, but I haven’t read a word he’s written. His heavy hardbacks lined the shelves of every adults’ room, even at our old family farmhouse in south Alabama, spines advertising King’s killer car, his killer dog, his killer… you know. King belonged to my parents, to my grandparents. I was a kid during the Goosebumps/Fear Street boom, so that brand of King-biting (but toothless) scare was marketed straight at me and fulfilled my need for anything labeled “horror.” And when I turned ten and ready for popular adult fiction, I grabbed Crichton instead. I grabbed Grisham. What was wrong with me? Fear, probably. I wasn’t ready for true horror.

What I couldn’t avoid were the movie adaptations, mostly viewed late at night during slumber parties, through hands half-covering my eyes. Carrie, The Shining, Misery all became touchstones for understanding King’s oeuvre. His stories crept into my nightmares, and into my writing. But I only truly became an admirer when I watched 1986’s Stand by Me as a teenager. In contrast to The Goonies, it was naturalistic and profane, dark and resonant and obsessed with death, despite being set in a bygone era. I wanted more of this kind of King, and have no idea why I never watched the 1990 miniseries IT, or cracked the book itself, which promised a kid gang journey into a cosmic terrordome, the anti-Goonies.

From Stand by Me

IT: the most daunting of King’s work on those adult shelves, the largest book with the shortest title. The cover didn’t reveal what the monster was. I only found out later, during my Tim Curry phase, that there was even an evil clown. I get why a lot of people are afraid of clowns, but I’m not one of those people. For a solid two months of high school I was a straight-up Juggalo. I used to have visions that a clown was standing in the doorway of my childhood bedroom, but it was facing out, not in, protecting me.

And now the nostalgia market is pushing King back to the forefront of pop culture, if he ever left. IT is being remade as a feature film. The remake should have the Stranger Things audience on lock, and even stars one of those same child actors. Stranger Things itself is arguably the most blatant King rip-off since The Sandlot. So I feel obliged in this era of diminishing returns to go back to the source.

I bought IT. I’m going to marathon all 1,153 pages of IT. I have never been more excited to devour a famous novel. Send in the motherfucking clown.

PART 2: AN ARTERIAL SPRAY HOME COMPANION

Oh god I am so scared.

The opening chapter does a masterful job of situating me right in the center of little Georgie Denbrough’s world, laying out his small joys and his relatable fears in 1957, and then forcing me to experience his brutal murder first-hand. The child’s perspective warps the world, making it even more eerie and horrific when Pennywise the Dancing Clown appears in the storm drain. This is a virtuosic, “master of horror” set piece, and I can see why it’s the most iconic scene. After Georgie’s fatal encounter there’s a stirring meta-textual passage about the journey of his paper boat. I hold the full heft of IT in one hand and imagine the many, many child killings that are sure to follow. The spine breaks.

This book is huge and it’s clearly not about a killer clown. It’s about something much worse. The clown is the comforting element, the lure.

The second chapter starts what I’ve heard is a central trend in King’s writing: the subverted small-town pastoral. In zooming out to the wider world of Derry, Maine, and detailing the many angles of a mysterious hate crime in the “present”(mid-1980s), he immerses me in the mindset of local characters, propelling me along with them at the pace of Derry, learning its geography, history and quirks. Like Garrison Keillor’s Lake Wobegon but with mutilations.

This book is huge and it’s clearly not about a killer clown. It’s about something much worse.

If the initial terrors hadn’t frightened me away as a kid reader, the following hundred pages would most likely have been an impassable moat. These 1985 segments introduce a gang of Derry-bred adult professionals, Baby Boomers who’ve long left and long forgotten their horrific hometown. They each receive a triggering phone call from their long lost buddy Mike, who still lives in Derry. I would not have been into this when I was younger. I wasn’t afraid of clowns but I was afraid of adulthood, and the general depression here would have confirmed my fears, as would the domestic violence. King writes a whole chapter from the POV of Tom, the abusive misogynist husband of main character Beverly, which serves as a sadistic, effective complement to the fantastical. This is a good horror tactic, placing me squarely and exhaustively in a moment that turns demonic or fearful, awash in unpleasantness. But these early sections are also long and segmented, taking forever to arrive places, word-wise. There are a handful of unfortunate witticisms that King repeats twice, one at the expense of a large woman, another has a childless wife observing the drip from a faucet as “pregnant,” again, twice. As an adult reader I’m weighed down.

However, the tedium of these “getting the band back together” sections benefits the novel as a whole, because now I’m raring to return with them to Derry, to their childhood nightmare, as soon as possible. Doom be damned.

PART 3: THE GOOSEBUMPS SLOWLY MELTED AWAY

“My candle burns at both ends;
It will not last the night;
But ah, my foes, and oh, my friends-
It gives a lovely light!”

—Edna St. Vincent Millay


“Do wah diddy diddy dum diddy do.”

—Manfred Mann

^ King opens each of IT’s parts with a quote pairing like that. I have a soft spot for bloated, flawed masterpieces. I welcome these flourishes.

Tim Curry on set for IT

Once the story shifts to the summer of 1958, I’m all in. Here’s the demonic kid-world I was promised, and King’s is real as hell. And by real I mean categorically dangerous, full of dread. The Losers Club is a group of victimized youth, an ambitious squad of outcasts. Bill, Ben, Eddie, Richie, Stan, Beverly and Mike: seen as weak and vulnerable by adults (stutterer, fat, asthmatic, four-eyed, Jewish, female, and black), and terrorized by their sociopathic peers.

The monster in IT feeds on local kids (and possesses local adults) by manifesting as their fears. It’s a striking conceit for long-form horror, because every chapter shifts perspective, and in each kid’s perspective IT becomes the exact thing they fear: werewolves, gigantic birds, relatives both dead and living. Each new sequence is psychologically exhausting and I’m gripped.

Stan, the one character who commits suicide rather than face IT as an adult, is given this remarkable Lovecraftian passage after he encounters walking child corpses and Pennywise in a standpipe:

He wanted to tell them that there were worse things than being frightened. You could be frightened by things like almost having a car hit you while you were riding your bike or, before the Salk vaccine, getting polio. You could be frightened of that crazyman Khrushchev or of drowning if you went out over your head. You could be frightened of all those things and still function.

But those things in the Standpipe…

He wanted to tell them that those dead boys who had lurched and shambled their way down the spiral staircase had done something worse than frighten him: they had offended him.

Offended, yes. It was the only word he could think of, and if he used it they would laugh- they liked him, he knew that, and they had accepted him as one of them, but they would still laugh. All the same, there were things that were not supposed to be. They offended any sane person’s sense of order…

…You can live with fear, I think, Stan would have said if he could. Maybe not forever, but for a long, long time. It’s offense you maybe can’t live with, because it opens up a crack in your thinking.

The small triumphs of the Loser’s bonding peel away to the malicious weight of their imaginations, to fear itself, of life leaving. They share stories of trauma at the hands of IT, all harrowing, convincing bonding. Their outsider status and bookishness becomes a boon when they do library research and culturally appropriate ancient rituals to learn what IT could be and strategize IT’s destruction.

I’m also a sucker for narrative depths, so when IT is revealed to be a prehistoric inter-dimensional entity, hell-bent only on “feeding,” my reading pace accelerates. The adults reunite and tour the town, accessing their lost memories (as flashbacks), and the 1958/1985 simultaneity finds cohesion here, the trauma and repression of youth underscoring the plot.

An old co-worker of mine once told me that as a child he was part of a strange global phenomenon that occurred during the theatrical release of Steven Spielberg’s E.T.- The Extra Terrestrial: many kids, especially those around 8–11 years old, would immediately vomit upon exiting the theater. Because Spielberg had filmed E.T. from a child’s perspective, orchestrating the shots at main character Elliot’s height, those kids in the audience were experiencing acute motion sickness and withdrawal after the movie was over. This seems to be at play in IT as well: the adults have their visceral kid memories crashing in on them, pulled forward and backward in time, and I experience it alongside them, to nauseating effect.

HENRY: THE FIRST (AND ONLY) INTERLUDE

I have this book’s blood all over me.

IT’s subconscious influence is undeniable in the haunted childhood stories of my own books. The first part of my debut prominently features spiders and storm drains. Any writers exploring the horrors of childhood imagination, the nascent poison of reverie, are indebted to King, apparently even if they haven’t read him.

I appreciate his juvenile truths, especially in this all-but-thesis statement:

Kids were always almost getting killed. They dashed across streets without looking, they got horsing around in the lake and suddenly realized they had floated far past their depth on their rubber rafts and had to paddle back, they fell off monkey-bars on their asses and out of trees on their heads.

[…] kids were better at almost dying, and they were also better at incorporating the inexplicable into their lives. They believed implicitly in the invisible world. Miracles both bright and dark were to be taken into consideration, oh yes, most certainly, but they by no means stopped the world. A sudden upheaval of beauty or terror at ten did not preclude an extra cheesedog or two for lunch at noon.

But when you grew up, all that changed.

PART 4: INEDIBLE MUTANTS

“Why does a story have to be socio-anything? Politics… culture… history… aren’t those natural ingredients in any story, if it’s told well? I mean…” He looks around, sees hostile eyes, and realizes dimly that they see this as some sort of attack. Maybe it even is. They are thinking, he realizes, that maybe there is a sexist death merchant in their midst. “I mean… can’t you guys just let a story be a story?”

—Bill Denbrough (King’s closest fictional analogue here) in a college writing workshop

There’s this decaying Boomer ideology happening in mid-80s popular narrative art, also prevalent in the work of David Lynch. The idea that the small town idylls of white capitalism had an underpinning of supernatural decay, an original American “evil.” There’s a direct parallel here between the cosmic creature IT possessing “dogsbodys” and the envoys of the Black Lodge from Twin Peaks. Especially when Beverly is accosted and stalked by her abusive father/IT in a similar way to Laura Palmer’s assault by her father Leland/Killer Bob in Fire Walk With Me. The fundamental evil stands in for the systemic poison of masculinity and misogyny.

Twin Peaks

Whereas Lynchworld is largely whitewashed/race-avoiding, King is consistently frank about racism. There seem to be as many instances of the N-word in this book as there are in Huckleberry Finn. The word erupts from the world of Derry, and swarms Mike Hanlon, fictional author of the book’s interludes, town librarian and singular black man. His white supremacist bully screams the hate word at him in childhood and adulthood, while threatening his life, but Mike’s best buddy Richie also performs minstrelsy by way of his character impressions.

In King’s world, this racial violence is pivotal. Mike, who understands most deeply what it means to be a body at risk in the white town, from childhood on, is the one to bring everyone back together and remind them of their promise to vanquish evil. Supernatural horror becomes a Trojan horse for explorations of prevailing societal violence. The original evil lurks below the surface, in the sewers. In contrast to Stranger Thing’s upside-down, King’s subterranean/inter-dimensional evil has infected everything, consuming and spellbinding the town itself.

The vacillation of adult/kid experiences becomes symphonic in the later parts of the book, and the payoff is two climactic battles at once. The Losers are forced to remember how they beat IT in 1958 so they can destroy it in 1985. Because King has acclimated me to the childlike perspective, I’m flexible and open to the celestial ballet, the turtle-god, and all the other stretches that occur.

I’m also fully convinced that IT is an unfilmable novel. The prose manipulates, stunts and relies on the reader’s imagination to such an extent that any filmic image of the horrors would be somehow disappointing or wrong. There’s an impossible physicality to so many scenes, especially towards the finale. Only the cerebral act of reading seems sufficient to conjure these visions. This is the true test of a vital literary work.

And speaking of unfilmable:

PART 5: THAT

That scene.

It would be weird to not write about that scene.

PART 6: THE SINS OF AN ENDING

I was warned that King isn’t great with endings.

Although I was totally swept along through the showdown, I’ve got one final clown bone to pick: Why does the cosmic evil have to be gendered at the 11th hour? In a similar twist to the film Aliens, released earlier in the same year as IT, the adult Losers discover that their nemesis is not only female but has also reproduced and is surrounded by eggs primed to hatch. Although the broader horror of Aliens is egregiously built around fear of the female body/reproduction, there’s a synchronicity to that film’s ending because of Ripley’s parental connection with Newt, and the crucial fact that she’s a female protagonist.

In King’s book Beverly sits the fight out in order to clutch the fallen Eddie while the three remaining dudes chase IT (in giant spider form) to the nest, now allowed the ugly catharsis of screaming “bitch” as they decimate IT and IT’s spawn. I could almost make sense of, and potentially forgive, this unnecessary twist if IT’s feminine form was a reflection of the male Losers’ deep-rooted fear of female power, but the gender revelation occurs first to Audra, Bill’s wife, and then is somehow set in stone as the creature’s physiological truth.

That said I like how even though the Losers are victorious, Derry is all but destroyed in the wake of the battle. I like the line “Steven Spielberg eat your heart out.” I like how the book is over.

IT feels like an ultimate expression from King, unfettered and expansive. At the moment I feel exhausted by his authorial presence and can’t imagine having the desire to read more in the near future. But I’m certainly curious, what the hell is Carrie like?

EPILOGUE

“You can’t be careful on a skateboard, man.”

As I coasted downhill through the happy endings of IT this line kept rolling through my brain, spoken to adult Bill by a random boy he encounters. A perfect line, I thought, to use as a title for one of my essay sections. Terse, resonant, clever. Then King returns to this line again, and even uses it in the header for his own epilogue. He knows its value, dammit. I never knew until I looked up his personal life for this piece what a severe drug problem King had throughout the 80s. Whole books, like Bowie albums, written in hazes and then blacked out of memory. The forgetting. I understand. Maybe the real horror here is being a writer, to have so much grotesquery in your head that you have to constantly channel it onto the page and into the collective unconscious. This seems fundamental for King, the nature of the beast. It’s not a cushy, safe profession; it’s waiting around the corner of every day, under the cover of a notebook, waiting to consume you. You can’t be careful on a skateboard.

What’s New in the Book World?

KFC erotica, Amazon drama, and more

This week we’ve seen Amazon behaving like Amazon (read: mildly evil), Hillary Clinton speculative fiction, KFC published erotica, and JK Rowling got compared to the Kardashians. I’m at a loss on this one. Read up.

New Amazon Buy Button Program Draws Ire of Publishers, Authors

A new program from Amazon that allows third party book sellers to “win” buy buttons on book pages has caused a minor uproar in publishing circles. Basically, until now, when you bought a new book from Amazon, the copy sold came directly from Amazon, out of stock they had purchased from the publisher. The third party retailers — who are chosen based on price and delivery speed — haven’t acquired their copies from publishing houses, meaning their sales don’t pay writers royalty, count towards BookScan numbers, or help publishing houses. On top of that, the degree of “newness” in Amazon’s policy appears a little suspect, leaving room for used copies to slip in as well. Some people think this is just a part of a larger push by Amazon to force publishers to use their print-on-demand model.

[Publishers Weekly/Jim Milliot]

KFC just published a ridiculously raunchy and bizarre romance novella starring a Casanova Colonel Sanders

You read that right. In preparation for Mother’s Day, KFC published a romance novel called Tender Wings of Desire. The plot follows Lady Madeline Parker. While tending bar at a sailor’s watering whole, Madeline encounters a disguised Colonel Harlan Sanders. The two fall in love and begin a torrid affair. While this book is shockingly real, the fried chicken content seems disappointingly scarce.

[Business Insider/Kate Taylor]

New Curtis Sittenfeld novel will imagine Hillary Clinton’s life without Bill

The odd trend of Hillary Clinton speculative fiction has continued. Author Curtis Sittenfeld has just inked a book deal with Random House to publish an as-yet-untitled novel that tracks Hillary Rodham’s life after rejecting Bill’s proposal. This isn’t Sittenfeld’s first turn novelizing a first lady, she wrote 2008 bestseller American Wife about Laura Bush. As of yet, there’s no word on how the changes alters Hillary’s path. Perhaps, without the baggage of spousal relations, she had time to campaign in Wisconsin.

[The Guardian/Bonnie Malkin]

JK Rowling’s ego akin to Kim Kardashian’s, says Joanna Trollope

Writer Joanna Trollope has taken shots at JK Rowling (and Twitter), remarking, “Creating this mass following and tweeting several times a day is like wanting to be [the pop star] Cheryl or Kim Kardashian. Some writers like JK Rowling have this insatiable need and desire to be out there all the time, and that’s entirely driven by their ego.” While I think we can all admit JK Rowling’s Twitter isn’t that good, Trollope’s comments seem, at best, a bit out of touch. For her health, I hope no one makes Joanna aware that Alt-Lit was a thing.

[The Guardian/Nadia Khomami]

Milo Will Sue Simon & Schuster for $10 Million

A Dark Fairytale About Post-Earth Education

“Miss Snowfall”

by Sofia Samatar

Here is the peaceable kingdom.

I once heard a beautiful story. Two people, a brother and sister, worked at the Castle until they were very old. Then the sister fell ill and couldn’t work anymore. In her illness her eyes became brighter and brighter, and her face thinner, until she looked like a little old child. Eventually she was so small the brother could carry her on his back. He carried her up to the Castle for medical treatment. There’s a long part of the story in which the brother staggers through the Castle, getting confused, going into the wrong rooms, waiting for hours to get clearance. All the time he has his sister on his back, and also something else: her pain, which has been growing until it nearly fills her whole body. “Pain is the heaviest thing,” said Miss Snowfall, who was telling the story. A faint clicking came from the back of the room, where some boys were fiddling with chalk. At the end of the story, the two old people were so worn out and bewildered they returned to the village without even seeing a doctor. The old woman died in her bed, underneath her own quilt, holding her brother’s hand. Her last words were: “Do you remember the way to the Castle?” Miss Snowfall delivered these words in a soft voice, almost a murmur, a voice that always filled me with a special anguish, because it made it seem as if she were speaking not to us but to herself, that she was far from us, removed. After the story she took out her handkerchief and, in a characteristic gesture, doubled it up and pressed it to her lips. Temar hated the story of the brother and sister, but to me it’s like a window through which I can see another world.

In those days, if you had asked any of us what we wanted to do when we grew up, we would have answered: “Work at the Castle.” Children probably say the same thing today, but I imagine it carries a different meaning for them than it did for Miss Snowfall’s pupils. For us, who had the immense good fortune to study under a teacher so inventive and eccentric we often didn’t know we were studying, a teacher whose one goal seemed to be to whip our imaginations into a frenzy, the Castle was a temple, a magic portal, a citadel, a cave. Ezera said it was an inverted world in which people floated face downward. Lia insisted people there spoke without words, in bolts of electricity. To all of these fancies Miss Snowfall responded with an approving smile, a smile that was slightly sad and therefore irresistible. We competed with one another for the honor of provoking that smile. Even those whose parents worked at the Castle, such as Elias, whose father was a security guard, or Markos, whose mother conducted inspections of the water system, made up outrageous stories without being scolded. “That’s probably true,” Miss Snowfall would say with her melancholy smile. The classroom was a zone free from accusation. All things were permitted there, above all Miss Snowfall’s weird assignments, which included knitting and lying on the floor to contemplate the inner light.

After school the children would pour out into the yard and then through one of the gates, either through the north gate with the inscription WASTE NOT, WANT NOT, or, like Temar and me, through the south gate, which bore the inscription ARBEITE UND HOFFE. Miss Snowfall also left through the south gate, but not immediately after school. Instead she would stand at the window, half concealed by the curtain, as if she were watching us go, although it also seemed she couldn’t see us, for if we waved to her she never waved back. Temar constructed a romance for Miss Snowfall out of the fact that Mr. Cinders, who taught mathematics to the upper classes, always glanced toward the window of our schoolroom as he bent to pin back the legs of his trousers before mounting his bicycle. But Miss Snowfall never made him any sign either, and so Mr. Cinders cycled home slowly to Unmarried Male Housing, a dreary edifice known as the Barn, to dine (as we imagined) in a hall full of noisy men who made fun of his protruding ears.

Miss Snowfall did not live in Unmarried Female Housing (known as the Henhouse) but in a room above Nimble’s dry goods dispensary. The Nimble family lived in the other rooms. If you were lucky enough to be sent out after supper to get some sugar or a packet of needles, you could see the silhouettes of the Nimble children romping about in the whitish light that filtered through the blinds. The real attraction, of course, was Miss Snowfall’s window, which gave off a yellow light, and through which no movement at all could be discerned. She was reading, we told each other, she was observing the inner radiance, she was writing letters or drawing a self-portrait. I was admitted to this room twice: once after Temar was lost and Miss Snowfall made me sit in her chair and chafed my hands, and a second time when Miss Snowfall herself was lost, having managed, with typical ingenuity, to hang herself from the light fixture.

For me, those early school days are infused with a Sunday glow. In fact, the real glow of Sundays, which has inspired so many verses, and which rules our bodies like the hand of a hidden puppeteer, has never made me as happy as the rusty gloom of the schoolroom. On Sundays when I was a child, we would get up early, like everyone else, and rush outside into the intensified light. My mother would always be there before us, seated in her chair in front of the house, her eyes closed, her entire body gilded. We would sit beside her on the squares of roughcloth we called “the outdoor blankets,” careful to keep our feet on them so our scrubbed shoes wouldn’t get dusty, enveloped in a timid silence, not even waving to our friends across the road, who were sitting outside with their own parents. All over the village, a hush. Only the cows broke it, lowing. And my father would appear around the side of the house, his hands clasped behind him, his beard shining, his good shoes tightly encased in galoshes, returning from letting them out to pasture.

Then we stood and shook out and folded our blankets. My mother snapped shut her collapsible chair. Sometimes she stumbled slightly, saturated, dazed with light. We collected our Bibles and walked to church. Everyone looked dim and hot. A hymn rose, faint but steadily growing, from those who had already arrived. We smiled at each other, at friends, but did not speak. We began to sing. We gather together to ask the Lord’s blessing. If we whispered, or looked as if we might step off the edge of the road, our father tapped our ankles with his cane.

Marvelous light. The white church seemed to pulse. You could feel it taking hold of you, lifting you. At school, Miss Snowfall explained the influence of that glow. We diagrammed the pineal gland while she spoke of the delicate secretions that make us particularly happy on Sundays. “Why can’t we have Sunday light every day?” asked Selemon. Miss Snowfall replied with her favorite question: “What do you think?” Hands shot up; we guessed that too much light, like too much sugar, could make you sick, that it would be wasteful, that God wouldn’t like it. Miss Snowfall erased the pineal gland and drew a line representing the surface of Fallow. She drew its tiny, fugitive sun, with arrows for rays. Squares represented the solar fields; a great opaque blob was our generator, which, she reminded us, has to power everything. It has to keep the reservoir working, the heaters for the pastures, the vast grain corridor, the production labs, the smithy, the workshops, the grottoes. “It has to power these lights,” she said, indicating the orange bulbs in the ceiling. “It has to make air. It has to run the Castle.”

We walked home through the eternal cold of the village, hands shoved deep into our coat pockets. I thought Selemon, who worked in the pastures after school, and who always smelled vaguely of the shit he collected on a cart, might grumble about all the fuel that goes to the generators of the Castle. Couldn’t they use some of it to light the sky? But Selemon left us as usual at the crossroads, hat pulled low over his curls, giving us a quick wave before trotting off down Granite Road. We walked on with the other children who lived in our district, our breath rising white in the twilight, a tentative, greenish twilight that colored the tops of the houses, a twilight that would last just long enough for us to feed the chickens and bring in the wash before going out at the touch of a distant switch. Temar walked beside me, her chin sunk in the folds of her scarf. I was already taller than she, though nearly two years younger. I could see from her posture, her frown, that she was thinking, and knew from experience that if I spoke to her now I’d get a sharp reply. So instead of talking to her I talked to our parents at supper, cheerfully, volubly, in order to compensate for her silence. And, as usual, she gave me in exchange for this kindness a gift of far greater worth. When we were in bed, when I was sure she was sleeping, she spoke. Into the icy darkness of our room came the words I would not have dared to say, but which perfectly articulated my own feelings, words that fell on my heart with a bursting shock of recognition, reverberating for days afterward: “I hate Sundays.”

After that I felt oppressed by Sundays, hounded. There was something dreadful about the secret workings of my pineal gland. I considered it a triumph if I could maintain a sour mood in the warmth of the churchyard, among the freshly washed and laughing children. As for Temar, she adopted an outward sign of isolation: It was around this time that she began to wear the shapeless black hat, knotted together from cast-off strings in Miss Snowfall’s classroom, that led people to call her Temar Black Hat. This hat is the reason I am known as Agar Black Hat today, even though I have never worn such an article. I have been left with a phantom hat, a mark. It’s better than nothing. “Fill the slate,” Miss Snowfall used to urge us, “to the edge.”

She was the daughter of Deacon Brass and his wife, who was known as Sister Brass. Her name was Sara. She received the name “Snowfall” after a fire. She was six years old when the Great Western Fire destroyed nearly a quarter of the village — workshops, granaries, labs, and animals. Seated on her desk in our classroom, swinging one foot, she described these horrors in a calm voice. The raw, piercing screams of chickens and, unimaginably, cattle. Men and women looming in the glow of the sky, which stayed on for three days, and in the blazing light of the fire. Everyone was covered with the earth they were using to smother the flames. They moved frantically and clumsily, figures of mud. Human bodies were dragged from the furnace, some of them still on fire. The ones that wouldn’t stop screaming were carried to the infirmary. Handcarts rushed up and down the tracks, traveling east with bodies, traveling west with enormous piles of dirt, in both cases materializing out of clouds of smoke only to disappear again with a doleful creaking.

Sara stood at the window, where she had been instructed to pray, holding the blinds apart with her small fingers. The blinds felt hot; her eyes felt hot. And the ashes that began to fall looked pale and cool, like what we know of snow. To the child at the window, the air appeared full of one of the miraculous substances of Earth. “I wanted,” she told us, “to run out and let it fall in my eyes.” “Mother,” she cried, “it’s snowing!” And so she received her gently mocking nickname, becoming known from that day as Sara Snowfall.

“But the most memorable part of that time,” she told us, “was the color blue.” She had discovered, standing at the window, that if she looked at the orange flames in the distance and then closed her eyes, she was treated to a marvelous image of the fire in deep blue. The power of this memory led her to the back of the classroom, to her vast collection of specimens, odds-and-ends, and outright trash, to fetch the color wheel she had made with various powdered minerals fastened to a slate with glue. In accordance with her idiosyncratic, associative method, a drawing lesson followed, and then a lecture on the Age of Disorder, when our ancestors, crazed with longing for the vivid colors of Earth, took to stabbing themselves in the eyes with picks.

I would not want to suggest, especially in light of Miss Snowfall’s fate, that we did not learn the proper curriculum. Miss Snowfall was extremely thorough. Often, when we arrived at school, we would find her poring over the huge books issued by the Council. To do this she wore a special reading lamp strapped to her forehead, advancing through our course of study like a miner. When we sidled in, awed by the sight of the books, she would look up and blind us for a moment with her flaming brow. Then she would switch off the light, and when our vision cleared we would see our own dear teacher, perhaps already pressing her handkerchief to her lips, wearing her customary pleasant and faintly sad expression, only a bit more tired, bowed down by the weight of history. We would take out our slates and Miss Snowfall would stand up and begin her lecture. With an energy and fluency I have rarely seen behind the pulpit, she spoke of the Former Days of Earth, of its bitter atmosphere and boiling seas, its floods, its storms, its wars and conflagrations. She spoke of the Universal Draft, which was, she explained, only the latest and largest version of the many drafts our people had faced throughout history, the innumerable calls to war we had refused, and for which we had been so often imprisoned, ridiculed, tortured, exiled, killed. My heart beat faster; I found myself scratching the underside of my bench with a fingernail, which always has a calming effect on me. Some of the children had tears in their eyes. It was so unfair, this senseless persecution, the pressing into evil of a people who only wished to be left alone. Miss Snowfall described the elders of the community, dignified and austere, holding the little children by the hand, standing outside the prisons in the hope of delivering some bread and comfort to an incarcerated generation. People going by would shove them, trying to make them fight. In one terrible region they tore out the old men’s beards. She spoke of the Great World Conference and the decision to depart, not for a sympathetic country — there was none — but for the stars.

“And they built an Ark,” she told us, “in the hills of Misraq Gojjam.” She was keen to impress on us not only the heroism of the engineers, but the achievements of the preachers, lawyers, schoolteachers, and bureaucrats who made it possible to save so many. In some parts of the Earth, governments were only too happy to let our people go; in others they strove to block us with laws and tariffs. Sums were raised in wealthy regions in order to help the poor ones, and peaceful liberation campaigns filled the streets. Of course, almost immediately there were disagreements and schisms. Some said only those of our faith should be permitted to join the trek; others said we must take everyone who desired a life of peace; still others argued over our faith itself, its character, its law. Such debates were especially fierce among those who practiced seclusion. Of these, some eventually boarded the Ark, believing that God would prefer them to accept a life dependent on advanced technology, rather than a life of war or a stillness amounting to suicide. Others, Miss Snowfall told us quietly, stayed on their burnt farms, among the cattle who were dying in the dust. In one district they shook out their sheets and curtains for the last time and went to bed, resolved not to rise until Judgment Day.

The Ark set sail. It was the Age of Drift. We rubbed out our slates and copied the plan of the ship Miss Snowfall drew on the blackboard. “The Age of Loaves and Fishes,” she quipped, and a giggle went round the room, not because the joke was funny but because we needed to laugh. It was true the Drifters made do with almost nothing. For this, we revered them. Generations were born and died on the Ark. The bodies of the dead supported those of the living. For some reason still unclear to us, all the horses perished.

On the Ark they had a place similar to our grottoes called the Hanging Gardens. They had fish tanks, cages, rows and rows of beds. Most importantly, they had the great monitor Gabriel, which gave them a report from Earth every twenty-five years. Now Gabriel stands at the center of the Castle, where he still delivers his report every quarter of a century, as he did without fail, like a mighty clock, through the Age of Disorder, the cave-ins, the plagues, the fires, the cults, the breakdowns of the sky. “Put on your coats,” Miss Snowfall said. She always knew when to take us outside. The room filled with happy jostling, voices, the drumming of feet. It is estimated that we will be able to return to Earth five hundred years after Gabriel reports a total absence of human life.

Mornings of childhood. The rush to get up, despite the biting chill of the floor, in order to be the first to use the water, and how often Temar, just as I thought I was winning, slipped in front of me and slammed the door of the bathroom in my face. The water, slick and gray with soap. Using Temar’s old water was better than using my parents’, which I would have to do if she spilled it (as happened more than once), for my parents’ old water was speckled with tiny hairs. Down the stairs, taking the last three steps at a jump. Wan kitchen light. Injections, my mother’s fingers warm, the needle cold. Only babies cried at their injections. Our little brother, Yonas, still cried, and Temar hushed him: “Father will hear you.” Then the potatoes with beet syrup, spoons clattering on plates. Coats and hats. As we ran out, Father was coming in from milking. No matter how wildly we hurried, we never escaped without meeting him, his great cracked hand extended, his mournful black eyes that seemed to read our thoughts. “Good morning, Father,” we chorused, and shook his hand. Then down the path and over the gate, never bothering to open it but swinging up over the rails. The sky was blue-green, Sheba and Naomi were running to meet us, and in the distance the roar of the smithy had begun.

Through the village, looking both ways for handcarts before we crossed the tracks, passing the Nimble store, the dispensary with the glass lamp in the window, the workshop where the door was propped open and looms already clacked, the desolate stretch of ground in front of the archives where Brother Lookout was sweeping. All day he swept the village streets with his funny sideways walk, his head subtly shaking as if he were always saying no, turning up a surprising amount of garbage, much of which found its way to Miss Snowfall’s classroom, where it was used in projects or simply gathered dust. We ran past Brother Lookout, we ran even faster past the house where Sister Blunt had died and her husband had covered all the windows with roughcloth, we flew past Sister Wheel, who was always standing in her yard beside a table on which she had placed a cup of coffee, we cut through the old surveyors’ camp, avoiding the piles of rubble, always wary of the boys who sometimes hid there to throw stones, and then other children were joining us, smelling of jackets and burnt potatoes, and it was now, we were climbing the hill, we were at school.

The door of our classroom stood wide open, and Miss Snowfall leaned against it, arms crossed, smiling. The bell clanged, rung by Little Yosef, the headmaster’s nephew. And perhaps we would go in, sit down, and take out our slates, or perhaps by the time the last notes of the bell died away we would be on our way down the hill in two orderly lines. For Miss Snowfall believed in what she called “experiential learning.” There were many days when we never set chalk to slate. Instead we walked all over the village, into the archives, the smithy, and the weaving workshop, where we bruised our fingers trying the machines. Together we pumped the handcarts and rode up and down an abandoned stretch of track. We visited the metal dome of the Zeitgeber, and were given a lecture on chronobiology by Brother Barter, who stammered whenever Miss Snowfall looked at him. We visited the clearance shed, where Sister Singer, who was as slim, sharp, and restless as Miss Snowfall was round and solid, gave us a special pink gum, which, she said, they chewed at the Castle, and allowed us to crowd up to the window and look at the Castle door. “How does it open?” Sheba asked. “From the inside, my love,” said Sister Singer, peering up herself at the silver disc in the sky. “They open it up and send down whatever they want. And when the people go up, the ones that work there, they send down a ladder for them.”

Filled with the image of Brother Bell and Sister Glove, the parents of our classmates Elias and Markos, ascending to heaven on a ladder like a pair of angels, we filed out into the grainy afternoon air to end our school day at the grottoes. This was Miss Snowfall’s favorite place; indeed, she often joked to us that she had become a teacher only so as to secure a pass to that paradise. We made more trips to the grottoes than anywhere else. At the entrance we had to leave Markos, who suffered from allergies, in the care of the doorkeeper, Brother Flint, a cheerful old man with a worn gray hat whose pockets were full of finger puppets in the shape of animals, which he made out of cast-off clothes. I believe his whole menagerie must have come from the same garment, for the little pig, the little sheep, the swan, and even the bumblebee had been sewn out of identical black cloth, and looked so much alike that only Brother Flint himself could tell them apart. I always hurried into the front hall so as to see as little as possible of Markos, who would have to spend the next hour being entertained by these puppets, and whose misery as he watched us go was palpable. In the sterilization chamber I felt as if the stinging jets were scouring off my guilt.

In the room beyond we all put on the dresses of white paper. Already we could feel the air of the grottoes. Sheba said it gave her a headache. In the next room we met the boys and put on the dark glasses. Then we walked out into the grass.

Sometimes, like Sheba, I had a headache at first. Sometimes I felt dizzy, even nauseous, but this never lasted long. Creamy sunlight warmed my face. I was sweating. A powerful greenness filled my lungs, as if I were breathing in the color. Miss Snowfall brushed her hands over the plants and told us their names. Beneath the white dress, her legs were dotted with black hair. She waved to the grotto workers, who waved back, silent, swathed in white veils. There was a buzzing sound, and things rustled in the grass. We watched the fish in their pools, we saw a turtle make its way into the water, we stood at the edge of the deer park and cooed at the fawns, we observed the scientists working behind glass, where even Miss Snowfall did not have clearance to go, at the tanks that seethed with life, the lungs of Fallow. Always, at the end, we sat on the grass beneath the trees. Many of our classmates dropped off to sleep, for the grottoes made one drowsy.

With slow gestures, Miss Snowfall unbraided her hair and massaged her scalp, as if to allow the warmth to penetrate her skull. Her braids undone, her hair standing up, she looked winsome and very young. She began to tell us stories from the Bible. She spoke of poplar and chestnut trees, and of manna, which is white like coriander seed, and tastes of wafers made with honey. The light of the grottoes filled me to my fingertips — not like a Sunday light, which often accompanied terrifying words from the pulpit, confessions, and scenes of discipline, but like the light of seven days, in the day that the Lord bindeth up the breach of His people and healeth the stroke of their wound.

Often Lia crept into Miss Snowfall’s lap and curled up there, sucking her thumb. Anywhere else, we would have mocked her for this babyish behavior, and who knows, even Miss Snowfall might have disapproved. But the grottoes enfolded her in their magic circle. I suspect Miss Snowfall knew, though we did not — yet — that Lia was beaten at home, more often and more severely than any of us, even Temar. Whatever the reason, she cradled Lia, murmuring of the aloes and the cedar trees which are beside the waters. Once, sitting very close to them, I discerned beneath the chemical tang of sterilization another smell, secret, rich, and sweet, a stink which I realized came from Miss Snowfall’s feet. At that moment I heard, as clearly as if I had spoken them, the words: Here is the peaceable kingdom.

This is not the first time I have written something I intend to submit for preservation. I have submitted a number of works, more than I care to remember. All have been rejected. I have submitted dramas, fantastical stories, novels of Old Earth, children’s tales, even hymns. At this point, merely to pass by the archives gives me a queasy feeling. For this reason, I rarely go into town, and if I need something unavailable in Housing, I pick it up from Sister Bundle’s little stand, rather than visiting the stores. It is a terrible feeling to have your work pulped. Brother Chalk at the archives — whom I call Ezera, since I knew him at school — tries to comfort me by telling me that pulped paper makes fresh paper possible, that destruction and renewal is the cycle of life. His remaining hair clumped at the back of his head, his chubby jowls fringed with beard, he is a good man, a father, sympathetic, and one of my best friends. The last time I spoke with him, I thanked God that I had no pencil with me, for I might have succumbed to the temptation to drive it into his hand.

Outside on the street after I was rejected the walls of the village were crisp, the gleam of the Castle door in the distance extraordinarily distinct. I walked home with the new sheaf of paper under my arm. And I began to write in a different direction, without thinking of the Council. I began to write what I feel is truly worthy of preservation, what I cannot help preserving in my memory. I have no doubt that this writing, too, will be pulped. But I feel at the same time that I am enabling something of Miss Snowfall to hover in the world. The more I write, the more her presence grows, and I am amazed at how much I remember of her, a person I had to a large extent forgotten, first because I was preoccupied with my own problems, and later because the memory of her was so painful. “Put it in the dustyard,” we say, when we mean that a thought or question should disappear. “Put it in the dustyard, Agar,” Temar said to me, the night I saw her spit a tooth into the sink. But lately only these scenes stand out to me, and I kneel, overwhelmed, in the dustyard of memory.

Strange that this dustyard should hold images of such splendor. Miss Snowfall’s bright face, her laugh, her stockings mended poorly because (she said) she was lazy, her wobbling progress through town on her brother’s bicycle when he visited her from the mining camp and loaned her his machine. Miss Snowfall, living in town as she did, had never been granted a bicycle, but at some point her brother had taught her how to ride, and sometimes on Saturdays she appeared, shaky and triumphant, running her usual errands in fine style. She always dismounted with a nervous leap, which sometimes caused the bicycle to fall over, spilling her packages on the ground. Then she would laugh so merrily that whoever was around her laughed too, helping to pick up her things, never embarrassed. Even Sister Wheel, standing outside by her eternal cup of coffee, allowed a faint smile to thaw her face when Miss Snowfall crashed that bicycle, and Miss Snowfall would dust herself off and greet Sister Wheel, as she always did, for she feared no one — on the contrary, she had a special affection for the oddest characters in the village. She stopped to chat with Sister Wheel every Saturday, bicycle or no, though “chat” seems an exaggerated way of describing a conversation with Sister Wheel, who tended to stare at passers-by with an expression of controlled fury before dropping a “Hello!” from her mouth like a stone. Sister Wheel had been a Young Evangelist, and was now what was called “peculiar.” She was often alluded to in sermons on the virtue of moderation. But Miss Snowfall spoke to her naturally, and in response I once heard Sister Wheel reply to her with a complete sentence: “It’s a waiting game, Sister, that’s all.”

How wonderful it was to see our teacher outside school, to hear her addressed as “Sister” rather than “Miss,” to greet her formally in the street while she twinkled at us with a kind of amusement that failed to conceal her pride in our good behavior. She spoke to our parents, she knew everyone, she greeted our little brother Yonas and laughed when he hid his face in our mother’s neck, she was an ordinary person, carrying ordinary things, syringes, bags of flour, some gum she needed to fix a crack in a table. Meeting her like this, we felt that the marvelous air she breathed, the life she lived, was accessible to us, close. Best of all was seeing her brother in church: a short dark man with a heavy beard who once showed us the knife he kept in the side of his boot.

Why is it that when I write these memories down, they swell until they seem to contain my whole body? Miss Snowfall and her brother in the churchyard, convulsed with laughter as Bishop Gloss walked by with crumbs in his beard. Bishop Gloss was the most terrifying man in the village, the head of every meeting, a brooding presence at every disciplinary discussion, he had driven Brother Lookout out of his mind, it was said, he had come to our house to reprimand our father for keeping a dirty henhouse. We couldn’t imagine laughing at him even if, at the fellowship meal that followed the service, he had bathed his whole head in soup. But Miss Snowfall and her brother stood frozen with suppressed mirth at the sight of the crumbs suspended in his majestic beard. Tears started from her brother’s eyes; Miss Snowfall crossed her legs just as we did when we laughed too hard. She pinched her brother’s arm harshly, like a child. At that the air came slowly out of his nose with a high-pitched whistle like the sound of the ancient brakes on his bicycle . . . Memories sparkling palely in the dustyard. The way Miss Snowfall lifted her chin when she said to Temar: “You may keep the hat.” The hat, a knitting project, certainly should have been unraveled when it was finished, the thread returned to the box. But Temar had picked out all the black threads with such care, knotted them together so cleverly, even the hair and wire. And Miss Snowfall, with a strange redness around her eyes, said: “Keep the hat.” In the same way she said to me, a year later: “You can be a writer.” Another excessive gesture, the jutting chin, the red, sore-looking eyes. The other children snickered; Temar ducked her head, embarrassed. But Miss Snowfall said firmly: “Writing is a noble pursuit.” The words sounded awkward, as words do when they have never been said before.

Perhaps this is why my memory of her is illuminated, enveloping: because, as much as we loved her, she dwelt among us like a stranger. I see her standing by the chalkboard, her arms crossed, rubbing her sleeves as if to keep off a chill, her face closed down, inert. Miss Snowfall could not bear discipline. If her pupils interrupted her — Markos and Elias were the worst offenders in our class, scuffling in the back — she simply stopped speaking. She would retreat into herself, go to the window, press her handkerchief to her lips. The first time this happened we were entertained, we wondered how long it might go on, and an evil spirit seemed to seep into the room, the cruel, gloating twin of the spirit of happy permissiveness that surrounded us when we spent whole afternoons building cities from empty jars. The chatter grew louder; Little Yosef laughed his braying laugh. Then Temar got up and strode to the back of the room. “Shut up!” she shouted at the boys. “Yes, be quiet!” I echoed, running up behind her, and some of the others joined in: “Let Miss Snowfall talk!” Temar’s fists were clenched, her whole body shook, the air was charged with unbearable energy, and Elias looked us up and down with his slow gaze, a sneer spreading on his face, and I felt that something terrible was going to happen, when Miss Snowfall shocked us, shattering everything.

“No, no!” she cried breathlessly, rushing toward us in such haste that her hip banged against a desk. “Don’t, please don’t!”

She was speaking to Temar and me. Temar’s eyes widened, amazed and hurt, and I felt a pang, for weren’t we Miss Snowfall’s defenders?

“Don’t, please,” Miss Snowfall repeated, trembling.

The class fell silent. Gloom covered us. Temar and I returned to our seats. Tears were trickling down my cheeks; I buried my face in my sleeve. When I looked up Miss Snowfall was paging roughly through a book, trying to find her place. She dropped her chalk on the floor, where it broke. Although I could not have expressed the thought at the time, I understood then that she had a horror of the exercise of power, not only the obvious sorts of power — the rod, the shout — but the type we knew most intimately: the power of the group. She had a horror of the downcast eye that waits for others to act, of the elders appearing at houses because someone, claiming to defer to their authority, has summoned them, of the public prayer that flays a member of the congregation in coded language. In other words, a horror of Fallow.

When Miss Snowfall was removed from her position, I had not been at school for two years. It was a difficult time for my family: Temar was working at the Castle and often refused to come home for the weekend, a source of great tension. As I recall, my sister was not at church when the special prayer for Miss Snowfall was held. I remember the heat of the sanctuary, the windows full of light, the grimy feel of the metal pew as I gripped it and scratched at its underside with a fingernail, discreetly, careful not to cause any noticeable vibration. Of course this sensual memory might have been lifted from any Sunday. From that particular day, I remember a sag of the heart as the bishop announced that Miss Snowfall was leaving the school, a feeling of guilt as he described her errors — the “haphazard” and “unorthodox” methods I had loved — and an immediate anxiety about what Temar would say. Then a long, circuitous prayer. Those in Miss Snowfall’s vicinity were invited to lay hands on her, but I was too far away. I could only see, at the distant front of the church, the rustling bulge of bodies surrounding her until she entirely disappeared.

Afterward, at the fellowship meal, I remember thinking she looked scrubbed, almost scoured, as if she had washed her face too hard. Her eyebrows were sparse, her hair faded to gray. She gazed down at her plate with her head tilted, wearing an odd little smile. Several of the children were crying and had to be taken away. The truth is, it was a scene of woe. People were greeting each other, shaking hands, finding their seats. Before starting the meal we sang “The Beautiful River”:

Oh, will you not drink of the beautiful stream,
And dwell on its peaceful shore?
The Spirit says: Come, all ye weary ones, home,
And wander in sin no more.

O seek that beautiful stream,
O seek that beautiful stream.
Its waters, so free,
Are flowing for thee,

O seek that beautiful stream.

The next time I saw Miss Snowfall, Temar was gone. I had been walking for some time. I had set out at dusk, carrying the lantern, and walked along the edge of the pasture all the way to the grain corridor before the light in my hand began to flicker. On Fallow there is always a subtle sense of being closed in. I put my hand on the wall of the corridor; it was freezing. Behind that wall, which reached all the way to the sky, humid air caressed our grain and an intricate irrigation system watered the ground. The water was made at the other end of the corridor and kept in the reservoir. Pipes transported it all over the village. I stood in the darkness, breathing hard. We are capable of such miracles but no one could bring my sister back to me.

My lamp was growing dim. I turned and headed back toward town, where a cluster of lights gleamed out of the dark. It was like a great ship twinkling all along its sides with holiday lights such as I had read about in the stories of Earth. By the time I arrived among those lights I could no longer feel my feet. I stopped and glanced up at a shadow in one of the windows. Someone stood there, looking out. I wondered if the person could see me. Then the figure vanished and the window shone clear.

I was turning away when a door opened and Miss Snowfall came out into the street. “Who’s there?” she cried, peering into the night.

“Agar, Temar Black Hat’s sister.”

“I saw your light go out,” she said.

I looked down at the lantern in my hand; it was dead.

“Look at that,” I said. I found it hard to work my lips, they were so cold. “Do you know, I was just standing here thinking about ships. Coming into the village I thought the lights looked like the lights of a ship but they really look the way I think the lights of a ship must look. Must have looked, I mean. Or perhaps they still look that way, on the green seas of Earth, with the seagulls winging overhead. Do you think there are still ships?”

Miss Snowfall seemed to consider. Then she said: “You’d better come up and charge that light.”

Her room was surprisingly bare. As a child, I had imagined it stuffed with treasure — a more splendid, more glittering version of her junk collection in our classroom. But it was simple, like anyone’s room. Bed, worktable, chair, gas stove, a lamp shaded with yellow roughcloth. There was a ceiling lamp too, but it wasn’t on. Of course I thought about that later. I thought so much about Miss Snowfall’s room, the big shadows thrown by the lamp, the chair covered with something shaggy, perhaps an old coat, where she made me sit. She knelt and tugged off my boots. Her hair was thin, wide tracks of scalp between the braids. She stripped the quilt off the bed and wrapped it around my feet. There was a photograph on the wall, a ghostly deer among weeds. “Oh, Miss Snowfall,” I said, “my sister has run away.”

“Yes,” Miss Snowfall said quietly, and a charge went through my chest, everything coming up, my face swelling and twisting from the pressure, the pressure of my rage, this useless rage that had nowhere to go, and I broke, I sobbed in her chair, I bawled like a calf.

Miss Snowfall pulled off my gloves. She rubbed my hands. When I was calmer, she made coffee. My lantern, plugged into her outlet, had begun to glow. She put a cup of coffee into my hands and sat on the bed with her own, regarding me with frank, unhappy eyes.

I sipped the coffee shakily. “That’s nice,” I said, nodding at the picture of the deer.

Miss Snowfall lowered her gaze.

“I mean, I don’t care,” I added quickly, realizing that the picture could only have come from one of the Council schoolbooks, that it was stolen.

She looked up at me and smiled. For the first time, I noticed the tremor in her lips. Her lips jumped and twitched when she was not speaking. I saw how she tried to disguise it by holding her cup in front of her mouth or drumming her fingertips against her chin. I thought of her old habit of pressing her handkerchief to her lips. I wondered if she had always had this tic, or if, when I was a child, it had been only a vague sensation, a premonition underneath the skin.

I dried my eyes on my sleeve and blinked. “Is it an Earth deer?”

“Yes,” Miss Snowfall said, turning to look at the photograph. Her cheek quivered, but the rest of her body seemed filled with a deep stillness like the otherworldly stillness of the picture. The deer looked into the room where we were. In the photograph, too, it was night. The deer stood motionless, pale, its perfect antlers etched against the dark. Its eyes were globes of molten light, symmetrical and clear. A night camera had captured it, Miss Snowfall said.

“It was wrong to take it,” she added, “but I was angry, and I wanted something.”

“It’s not wrong to be angry.”

She looked at me with some of the old amusement. “No?”

“No. Even Job was angry with God.”

“Yes, but he yielded, he didn’t go about tearing the pages out of books.”

We laughed, then Miss Snowfall sighed and looked at the picture again. She told me it came from one of the fallow regions of Earth. A place abandoned by human beings because they had poisoned it, ruined it. And slowly, once they had gone, the animals crept in.

“I guess all of Earth will be like that one day,” I said.

“That’s the idea.”

I was startled by the harshness of her tone. When I left, she made me take the picture. I folded it up and put it in my boot. It was the last time I saw her alive.

Drawing the Creative Process

What is the shape of ideas? In Grant Snider’s new book, the comic artist uses pen and ink to draw the creative process from “inspiration” and “contemplation” to “desperation” and “daily frustration.” We’ve featured Grant Snider’s beautiful and thoughtful comics in the past, and are happy to publish three excerpts from the new book here. If you’re an artist or writer, you might recognize your own process in these panels.

On Not Writing: An Illustrated Guide to My Anxieties

The Many Faces of the Palestinian Diaspora

Leaving your home country, especially by force, is a trauma that continues to reverberate long after the boundaryline is crossed. I often think of what Salman Rushdie wrote in The Satanic Verses: “Exile is a dream of a glorious return…It is an endless paradox: looking forward by always looking back. The exile is a ball hurled high into the air.” It is this motion of exile, the duality of being forced forward and back, that Hala Alyan — the poet, clinical psychologist, and now novelist — explores in her new book, Salt Houses.

The novel begins when Salma reads her daughter Alia’s future in a cup of coffee on the eve of her wedding. The grounds foretell the family’s unsettled life, and shortly thereafter the Six-Day War (also known as the War of 1967, among other names) forces them from home. The story follows the effects of this event across generations of the same family as they’re dispersed around the world.

The Palestinian diaspora is one of the major movements of people in history, and yet it’s largely underrepresented in literature. I had the opportunity to discuss the challenges of capturing that diaspora on the page, plus what it’s like to be a published poet writing her first novel, and more, with Alyan over email.


Carrie Mullins: Salt Houses takes on the situation of the Palestinian diaspora generally, but you also bring it down to the scale of one family. How did you decide to weave together so many generational strands?

Hala Alyan: I honestly think it was more a matter of curiosity than anything else. The initial idea was a short story; clearly that got a little out of hand! I found myself so interested (and curious) in the lives of the character’s mother and sister, and couldn’t resist trying to write from their perspectives. Pretty soon I realized that was the most satisfying way to tell this family’s story, both in terms of scope and remaining invested in the writing process.

CM: Diaspora is literally “the dispersion of any people from their original homeland” but obviously that fails to capture the complexity, the heartache, and the often involuntary nature of the situation — something that Salt Houses tries to remedy. I’m interested in how you see the intersection of literature and politics, especially the benefits and risks of addressing historical or current events in a fictional way.

HA: I think literature can play a powerful role in emotionally translating political events, allowing people to connect to the individuals and families behind history. One of the clear benefits is magnifying underheard and underwitnessed narratives and stories. The risk that accompanies any fictionalizing of a story that is based in actual historical and political events is that it will never be representative of the experiences of, say, all Palestinians who lived through those events. That’s why, in writing this book, I committed to the idea of doing justice to a single family, with a particular socioeconomic and diasporic background, nothing more, nothing less.

I committed to the idea of doing justice to a single family, with a particular socioeconomic and diasporic background, nothing more, nothing less.

CM: Speaking of the political, I was interested in the way that memory can be political for these characters. They’re haunted by what they’ve lost, but idealize it too, even generations who are further and further removed. That feels very relevant to the world today.

HA: Absolutely. Memory isn’t created in a vacuum, and history is made and remade through the generations. We are left with the legacy of our ancestors’ memories, and it becomes a malleable thing, a way of honoring and preserving and, in some cases, reconceptualizing history. That always comes with the risk of idealizing, which can in a way become an erasure of its own.

Carrie Mullins: You’ve published three books of poetry. What was it like to turn a poet’s eye to a much longer narrative?

Hala Alyan: It was such a relief in some ways. Poetry taught me to pay attention — to landscape, to dialogue, to emotion. That carried over nicely to prose, particularly because I realized pretty quickly how hungry I was to really delve into a longer piece of work. In many ways, I could trick myself into thinking that I was really just working on thousands of little poems, taking it a sentence at a time.

I could trick myself into thinking that I was really just working on thousands of little poems, taking it a sentence at a time.

CM: Because the characters in the book move around a lot, from Kuwait to Boston to Paris, the setting is always changing. It’s a challenge for any writer to get one setting “right”, and you’ve set yourself the task of many. How did you make each one come alive? Was there a process that you went through to make each one its own authentic, delineated space?

HA: I tried to stay away from settings that I wasn’t at least somewhat familiar with, to remain as faithful as possible to scents, landscape, sounds — what I think of as the personality of a city. I looked at old photographs, listened to old music. I asked people to describe their cities in their own words. But more than anything, I just walked. It’s my favorite thing to do in a new place — walk and daydream.

CM: Are there other books, whether fiction, poems, or non-fiction, that you’d recommend for people who want to read more about the Palestinian diaspora?

HA: Absolutely. People should check out poets like Mahmoud Darwish, Fady Joudah, and Suheir Hammad. As for more contemporary fiction, I love Randa Jarrar and Susan Abulhawa’s work.

An American Gods Reading List: 9 Stories of Deities & Men Mingling in the World

Fictional riffs on characters from mythology have an impressive staying power. Given the source, that probably shouldn’t come as a surprise. Neil Gaiman’s American Gods, now a Starz show that looks all but guaranteed to achieve hit status, takes on this classic premise, with a few strange and poignant twists: the setup of a conflict between the gods of bygone years and a host of new gods inspired by aspects of modern life; the skewering of certain genre tropes; and a winding plot in which allegiances shift and the nature of belief is challenged.

It seems like gods are just about everywhere you look in the pop culture firmament these days, including the host of deities that have worked their way into the DC and Marvel universes. (Are you ready for the divinities of Wonder Woman and Thor: Ragnarok?) It isn’t hard to see why these stories resonate. These are characters and ideas that have already endured for millennia — they tap into primal questions, desires, and debates that we’ve had over the course of generations. And more specifically, we want to know what happens when gods (or other mythological beings) meet in our world. It’s one of the central questions of American Gods, one that’s been explored not just by Gaiman but numerous authors over the years. Here’s a look at a 9 works that take that question head-on and, like American Gods, provide novel spins on how to bridge millennia-old concepts with modern concerns.

1. Elizabeth Hand, Waking the Moon

Elizabeth Hand’s sprawling novel begins in the mid-1970s. A group of college students become close on the campus of a university in Washington, DC, but other forces are gathering as well: a male-dominated secret society of occultists, and an archaeologist obsessed with discovering evidence of an ancient goddess now forgotten to time. Throughout the novel, Hand poses hard questions about worship, sacrifice, control, and secrecy, leading to a powerful conclusion.

2. Octavia E. Butler, Wild Seed

In Octavia E. Butler’s fiction, expectations exist to be upended and deconstructed. Her novel Wild Seed is (chronologically) the first in a series of books exploring evolution and the rise of humans with paranormal abilities. Given their long lifespans and complex relationships with normal people around them, the story reads a lot like a science fictional take on the time-honored meeting of immortals with everyday people.

3. Kieron Gillen and Jamie McKelvie, The Wicked + The Divine Vol.1: The Faust Act

Frequent collaborators Gillen and McKelvie tackle the question of gods and mortals with their ongoing comic book The Wicked + The Divine, in which a host of gods are reincarnated every eighty years, where they live brief lives and then die. The juxtaposition of mythological traditions and knowing riffs on pop culture and celebrities makes this a thematically rich work; it’s also frequently gripping, and haunting in unexpected ways.

4. Kiini Ibura Salaam, When the World Wounds

Not all of the stories in Kiini Ibura Salaam’s recent collection of short fiction examine the paths of deities and humans converging, but two of the longest do–and juxtapose those meetings with wrenching moments in history. In “Hemmie’s Calenture,” a woman escaping slavery during the War of 1812 is pulled into the conflict between two ageless supernatural beings, while “Because of the Bone Man” features personifications of aspects of New Orleans navigating their city in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina.

5. Pamela Dean, Tam Lin

At first, Pamela Dean’s novel Tam Lin appears to be a nuanced portrait of campus life at a college in Minnesota. Slowly, however, strange and surreal aspects begin to creep in at the edges; there’s a sense of ritual to the proceedings, and evidence of a wider understanding among some of its characters. Questions of mortality and immortality arise, and the border between our world and that of the supernatural becomes thinner. The resulting novel is one that balances heady concepts and emotional veracity.

6. Randa Jarrar, Him, Me, Muhammad Ali

The stories in Randa Jarrar’s award-winning collection span a number of tones, from jarring realism to the surreal and fantastical. For instance, the protagonist of “The Life, Loves, and Adventures of Zelwa the Halfie” seems to have emerged from a myth–she’s half-human and half-ibex–but her concerns and anxieties feel decidedly modern.

7. Tim Powers, The Anubis Gates

Sometimes, the interaction of gods and humans can lead to other boundaries breaking down. Take Tim Powers’s novel The Anubis Gates, in which a nineteenth-century effort to bring back the gods of ancient Egypt ends up encompassing mythology, time travel, and a host of fantastical creatures. Powers isn’t a writer to shy away from big ideas, and this novel features them in abundance.

8. Karl Ove Knausgaard, A Time For Everything

While Knausgaard is best known to Anglophone readers for his acclaimed multi-volume work, My Struggle, he shows off a very different side in this strange, obsessive work tracking the conflicted relationship between humanity and angels from the time of the Old Testament through the present day. It’s a compellingly unhinged book, and one that brings the familiar together with the disquieting.

9. Jo Walton, The Just City

In Jo Walton’s The Just City–the first book of a trilogy that heads into a host of unpredictable directions along the way–the Greek pantheon of gods transports a host of people from across numerous centuries to a city in ancient Greece, using Plato’s Republic as the model for their society. Also, there are robots. Walton uses these disparate elements to ask bold questions about mortality, society, and the nature of consciousness, taking a host of risks that pay off along the way.

Bill Clinton & James Patterson Are Writing A Book Together and We Have Some Ideas

The President Is Missing will be released in 2018. Wait, say what?

According to a statement released today, Bill Clinton and James Patterson are teaming up to write a novel. The book, due out in June 2018, will be jointly published by Alfred A. Knopf and Little, Brown and Company and is expected to…WAIT, HOLD THE FUCK UP, WHAT DID YOU JUST SAY?!?

Let’s take this from the top and slow it down just a bit. William Jefferson Clinton, the 42nd Presidents of These United States, is working on a novel, and he’s doing it in cahoots with James Brendan Patterson, the thriller king, the emperor of airports, the bestselling author since Matthew the Apostle. That book will be called The President Is Missing — -baller title — and is being jointly released by two publishing houses because (presumably) no single company could afford to pay the ungodly advance these giants negotiated.

So, what do we know about The President Is Missing? (again, sweet title) As it turns out, we know a lot. Here’s what we gleaned from the press release:

(1) the book will be about a “sitting President”

(2) it will offer “an inside look into what it’s like to be President” and will “be informed by insider details that only a President can know”

(3) Clinton says he is “drawing on what I know about the job”

(4) the draft so far is “full of intricate plotting and detail,” according to a joint statement released by Sonny Mehta, Chairman of the Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, and Michael Pietsch, CEO of Hachette Book Group (great titles, guys — almost as good as Commander-in-Chief, Leader of Free World)

(5) it is “a book that promises to entertain and delight millions”

Okay, so that gives us quite a bit to go on. First, the novel’s protagonist is almost certainly a serving President who decides he’s had enough of the pomp and circumstance and just wants to be a regular guy for a little while, and so during a state visit to a European capital, he gives his Secret Service detail the slip and goes out on a jazzy adventure in the big city. It’s your classic Roman Holiday scenario, mashed up with the “Tu vuo’ fa’ l’americano” scene from The Talented Mr. Ripley, including shades and sax.

That definitely has to be it, right?

Or should we maybe assume this is actually part of one of Patterson’s series? Could this be part of the beloved Alex Cross series, or maybe the Michael Bennett books, or even the Women’s Murder Club series, now sixteen novels deep and going strong? No, it could not possibly be part of any of those.

If this belongs to a Patterson universe, we can safely assume that it will be the Treasure Hunters series. How else to explain that cryptic note that the book will be “full of intricate plotting and detail” and those details will “entertain and delight”? Yes, the Treasure Hunters series is for children, but wouldn’t that be perfectly on-trend? Just about every piece of illustrated IP out there has taken a dark turn aimed at bringing in audiences age 5–85, so why not Patterson and Clinton? Name one reason why President Clinton’s in-office experiences would not be perfectly well-suited to a children’s adventure story.

As for precedents, Clinton is not the first ex-President to go this road. Back in 2003, President Carter, a noted author of non-fiction and children’s works, tried his hand at a novel called The Hornet’s Nest. It was about the American Revolution in the Southeastern states, and was hailed by The Guardian as “an unreadable book, one which leaves other unreadables (like The Da Vinci Code) floundering in his lumpen wake.” With regard to partnerships, we’ve seen only one other case that compares: then-sitting President Frank Underwood, who collaborated with author Tom Yates on a never-to-be-released bildungsroman, which began with the unforgettable line: “The Fourth of July means nothing anymore. Overcooked hotdogs and fireworks that always leave you disappointed, bite size American flags made in China waved half-heartedly by five year olds who’d rather be playing Minecraft.”

In short, all this bodes super well. Fate smiles on The President Is Missing.

Now, let’s all go back to the dystopian tragedy that is our current regime.

Hitler Was a Secret Junkie — but Does It Actually Matter?