Stop Writing Makeover Stories

There is something sketchy about the the story of Cinderella. Maybe it’s the fact that if I tried to run in high heels made of glass, I’d end up in the ER with Frankenstein-style stitches on my feet. Or perhaps it’s the idea of getting married after a single night of dancing (or three if that’s your version of this childhood tale). No, wait, it has the be the centuries-old indoctrination promising lifelong happiness through external validation according to absolute and unattainable beauty standards! There is just something about that that rubs me the wrong way.

Cinderella isn’t my least favorite fairy tale—no one should forget the implications of Sleeping Beauty waking up pregnant in pre-Disney versions of the story—but it is one of the most enduring and reiterated of the lot. Countless novels rehash her transformation from pauper to princess. She’s the model for every ugly duckling turned swan, every girl who pulls off her glasses to reveal a hottie, every success story designed to be rubbed in the face of all the hating relatives. In essence, Cinderella is the poster child of makeover fiction.

We are in love with makeovers, and it’s not limited to novels either. She’s All That is a ‘90s classic, and what about Grease? Along with that catchy song, the grand finale reveals Sandy’s transformation from goody two shoes to top-notch leather-clad babe, and it is beyond satisfying. That big reveal makes me want to applaud and completely forget about the significant portion of the musical spent shaming the teenager courtesy of her supposed friends and peer-pressured love interest.

That memory-erasing burst of satisfaction is the crux of it all. Longstanding media — film, books, television, and commercials — have made an art of triggering makeover highs: skin care before and afters, fad diets, What Not to Wear, Queer Eye, Extreme Makeovers Home Edition. It is tempting to fast forward through entire episodes or speed read the last fifty pages of a novel to get to the big curtain draw at the end. That moment is the culmination of invested time, effort, and advice shouted at characters who can’t hear me anyway. It cues the rolling credits with a big Happily Ever After on the final page.

So what’s the problem?

As fun as these makeovers are, they rely on the implicit assumption that said makeover is necessary. Who would would watch an extreme home makeover if the house weren’t badly in need of repair? There’s mold in the basement and termites in the attic. The paint is peeling, and no one likes a popcorn ceiling. Some buildings need an aesthetic pick-me-up. Makeover fiction delivers on this concept, but only when we ignore the fact that people are not houses. We don’t need new paint jobs to raise our market value.

Film, books, television, and commercials have made an art of triggering makeover highs.

Makeover fiction idolizes physical change while giving lip-service to the be yourself ideology: “You’re still you, just a better you!” There is nothing wrong with people wanting to doll themselves up, but the examples given for what constitutes a “better you” leaves a lot to be desired. These fictions, whether YA novels or reality television, play into ridiculous beauty standard biases.

Let’s look at an obvious one: the main character works hard, quits sugar, gets in shape, and suddenly their life turns around! We’ve all read this book or seen this movie. Virgie Tovar did a fantastic job at debunking this myth of weight loss. If the numbers on the scale finally reach good enough, then there is still a tape measure heckling you, or the calories per serving, or size tag on the clothing rack. The digits never add up to the imagined ideal you. To rub salt in the wound, someone will inevitably chime in with the healthy living argument: too fat to eat, too fat to drink, too fat to sit, shame on you. All of it amounts to fatphobia, a socially accepted condemnation and theft of bodily autonomy.

Weight-loss-based makeover fiction praises such body-conscious behavior. It congratulates those who earn social approval through glamorized self-deprivation. All behavior of indulging in sweets and (gasp) carbs are perceived as character flaws or symptoms of discontent that the main character is obligated to triumph over.

Aside from weight, makeover transformations put emphasis on wardrobe, which verges into bleak territory for class divides. Not everyone has a fairy godmother to magic them up a new dress. Privilege is the key word here. Makeover stories come with a near obligatory shopping sprees. Hair, makeup, tighter shirts, and shinier accessories. Makeover fiction looks with disdain at old-Cinderella’s work clothes and plays into the belief that a lifestyle upgrade (capitalism!) is the route to happiness. The custom-made glass pumps bring back Prince Charming, not your dazzling personality. Those without magic or monetary access to those pumps don’t make it past “once upon a time.”

Surprisingly, The Hunger Games has one of the best debunkings of glam Makeovers I’ve ever read. With the disturbing wealth-poverty disparity in the Capitol, Katniss’ high fashion upgrades occurs for the sole purpose of commodification. She makes herself palatable to the upper class for the sake of survival, and they in turn are fascinated with her as their new toy. Cinderella, Katniss, and Eliza Doolittle of My Fair Lady all put on fancy dresses for acceptance into an idolized social sphere. Makeover fiction glorifies this social mobility, and while I am sure being rich is great, there is the implication that the the poor and plain lead miserable lives and will continue to do so. The un-made up character is by situation inferior.

Makeover fiction plays into the belief that a lifestyle upgrade (capitalism!) is the route to happiness.

Operating within preset frameworks, makeover fictions are strict in the ways they allow their characters to “improve” themselves. The tomboy must become the prom queen, the geek has to get abs, and the frumpy grow into elegance. There is no room to diverge from ideals of femininity and masculinity when the entire point is to transform oneself with outside aid according to that preset standard.

Then again, a lot of this is old news. Of course makeover fiction is problematic. That’s what brought about the wonderful wave of “real beauty is on the inside” and Oz-esque “they were beautiful all along” themes. Who can’t appreciate Anne Hathaway’s transformation from comfy sweater to high fashionista and back again in Devil Wears Prada? And what about Mean Girls where a new girl purges the pink from her system by rejoining a team of mathletes and forfeiting her Spring Fling Queen crown. These stories seem to defy the makeover progression by circling back to the start, but do they?

The problem lies deep within the narrative structure of the makeover as a trope. It is unavoidable. Physical alteration, even if later reversed, operates as the chief driving force behind character agency. The stories open up with a sense of insufficiency as the premise while a sudden necessity for change acts as the impetus that gets the ball rolling. The protagonist grows or falters in conjunction with their steadily altering appearance. At its peak, beautification grants confidence. It creates opportunities otherwise unavailable and rewards character with praise or character-building critique.

The journey of transformation inextricably weaves itself into the narrative formula. Even if the makeover undoes itself for an inner beauty ending, it is only by first internalizing societal discriminations then later rejecting them that the characters settle into their own skin. In essence, growth means you have to hate yourself before earning the right to love yourself.

In essence, growth means you have to hate yourself before earning the right to love yourself.

That sucks. We need to stop writing makeovers as vehicles for character development. They are not meant to be. In the beginning Cinderella wasn’t a social climber who celebrated superficiality, nor was she trying to turn her whole life around. She was just a hard working girl in the mood for a party. Dressing up isn’t meant to be a life altering process but a moment of self indulgent play. Sometimes it lasts, sometimes it reverts at midnight, but it doesn’t matter either way because there is more to a person than what lies on the surface.

How about instead of makeover fiction, we get more novels on self-love? There are plenty of struggles in the world to spin into stories, so let’s stop normalizing cripplingly low self-esteem. Only by dreaming up characters who love themselves from start to end, can we teach ourselves to do the same.

A Master Class in Women’s Rage

Women’s anger is having a moment. This year has already seen two and a half new books on the subject — Brittney Cooper’s Eloquent Rage and Soraya Chemaly’s Rage Becomes Her, plus the first U.K. and U.S. editions of Clementine Ford’s Fight Like a Girl — with Rebecca Traister’s Good and Mad and Gemma Hartley’s Fed Up coming right around the corner.

Meanwhile, in just the last few weeks, Serena Williams was penalized and pilloried for raising her voice at a referee; a bunch of men whose careers were supposedly ruined by the #MeToo movement were given high-profile comeback platforms; sexual assault allegations against Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaugh made women of a certain age relive our fury over the 1991 Clarence Thomas hearings; and Warner Brothers put racist, anti-Semitic abuser Mel Gibson in charge of the Wild Bunch remake.

Right now, every woman I know is a live wire, snapped and flailing, in a storm that doesn’t look like it’ll let up any time soon.

Adding sexist insult to injury, there’s apparently never been any research on misogyny. Certainly, there are no experts to consult, no Ivy League scholars who have published books on the topic in the last year. There’s no obvious way for a media outlet to find someone who can contextualize recent news in terms of structural oppression, because women’s and gender studies departments don’t exist; books on rape culture and toxic masculinity won’t come up in search engines; and women on Twitter are, to a one, keeping mum. LOL, j/k. In reality, everybody just keeps acting like all of this is brand new, because they don’t want to listen to women. Which is, in a nutshell, why we’re so angry.

Everybody just keeps acting like all of this is brand new, because they don’t want to listen to women. Which is, in a nutshell, why we’re so angry.

For those who would like to learn more about (chiefly, though not exclusively, North American) women’s anger — the reasons for it, the shapes it takes, the resistance to it, the energy it saps, and the energy it produces — I present The Rage Syllabus. I’ve kept the number of required texts to a modest 58, so completing all lessons shouldn’t take you much more than a calendar year of full-time study. Sadly, this means I’ve left out enormous amounts of history, including the entire First Wave and a great many important feminist publications from the mid-to-late 20th century. You have a lot of rage to catch up on.

In fact, I have focused as much as possible on texts published in the last few years, because the rage I’m talking about here is centuries old but also fresh as a girl child straight out of the bath, dancing like nobody’s told her how much the world hates her yet.


Lesson 1: Introduction to the Patriarchy

Bates, Laura. Misogynation: The True Scale of Sexism. London, Simon and Schuster UK, 2018.
Beard, Mary. Women and Power: A Manifesto. New York: Liveright, 2017.
Manne, Kate. Down Girl: The Logic of Misogyny. New York, Oxford USA, 2017.

Bates gives us everyday examples, Beard situates it historically, and Manne breaks down how it operates. Welcome to Hell.

Lesson 2: Back to the Beginning

Bonner, Lucy M. What to Do When You’re Raped: An ABC Handbook for Native Girls. Lake Andes, SD, Native American Women’s Health Education Resource Center, 2016.
Deer, Sarah. The Beginning and End of Rape: Confronting Sexual Violence in Native America. Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 2015.
Nagle, Mary Kathryn. “Nasty Native Women” (in Nasty Women: Feminism, Resistance, and Revolution in Trump’s America. New York, Picador, 2017.
Washuta, Elissa. “Apocalypse Logic.” The Offing, 21 Nov. 2016.

First, read Lucy Bonner’s heartbreaking primer for “Native girls” on how to deal with the aftermath of seemingly inevitable rape; the kick-in-the-teeth design recalls a kindergarten picture book. Then, consider why Sarah Deer rejects the word “epidemic” to describe the breathtakingly high rates of sexual violence against Native American girls and women: to wit, because the image of a short-term, treatable contagion masks the important connection between rape as a means of social control and colonialist systems of oppression. See how Elissa Washuta picks up this theme in the personal essay “Apocalypse Logic,” and how Mary Kathryn Nagle connects it to “the trivialization of Native women’s identity and bodies” (#CancelYandy) in the dominant American culture and its laws. Discuss how sexual violence, as a function of white male entitlement, is baked right into the foundation of the United States. If you’re just putting that together now, please stop following this syllabus and go spend a year reading work by Native American women.

Lesson 3: The Personal Is Political, Sociological, Psychological, and Economic

Abdulali, Sohaila. What We Talk About When We Talk About Rape. New York, The New Press, 2018 (forthcoming).
Eltahawy, Mona. Headscarves and Hymens: Why the Middle East Needs a Sexual Revolution. New York, Farrar, Strauss and Giroux, 2015.
Penny, Laurie. Bitch Doctrine: Essays for Dissenting Adults. New York, Bloomsbury USA, 2017.
Quinn, Zoe. Crash Override: How Gamergate Nearly Destroyed My Life, and How We Can Win the Fight Against Online Hate. New York: Public Affairs, 2017.
Serano, Julia. Whipping Girl: A Transsexual Woman on Sexism and the Scapegoating of Femininity. 2nded., Berkeley, Seal Press, 2016.

Many of our required reading texts use the author’s personal experience as a starting point for a discussion about larger societal issues. As Abdulali notes, this can make them difficult to categorize properly: “Essays? Not really. Sociology? Not Learned or Academic enough. Psychology? No, too opinionated. Research? Not comprehensive enough. Memoir? Heaven forbid.” Do you suppose that’s why nonfiction discussing the continued oppression of 51 percent of the world’s population frequently ends up stashed on the “Women’s Studies” shelf in bookstores, as opposed to, say, the “Current Affairs” display? Does interdisciplinary, reflective work suggest a peculiarly feminine form of knowledge production? Or do women feel compelled to begin with the personal — especially when the personal is traumatic and/or salacious — because the market typically responds well to the gory details of women’s pain, and to female focalizers who undercut their own authority with damaged vulnerability? Discuss.

Lesson 4: Corporations Are People; Women, Less So

Marçal, Katrine. Who Cooked Adam Smith’s Dinner?: A Story About Women and Economics. New York, Pegasus Books, 2016.
Moore, Kate. The Radium Girls: The Dark Story of America’s Shining Women. Naperville, IL, Sourcebooks, 2017.
Moore, Anne Elizabeth. Body Horror: Capitalism, Fear, Misogyny, Jokes. Chicago: Curbside Splendor, 2017.
Zeisler, Andi. We Were Feminists Once: From Riot Grrrl to Covergirl, the Buying and Selling of a Political Movement. New York, Public Affairs, 2016.

Based on your reading of these texts, consider when would be the optimum time to burn it all the fuck down.

The Radium Girls tells the horrifying true story of women who worked in radium-dial factories in the early 20th century, literally being poisoned by their jobs — first because of ignorance and then, well after their male employers knew the risks, because of greed. Body Horror combines research and personal experience to illuminate the ways women, especially poor women and those with chronic illness or disabilities, suffer under capitalism. Who Cooked Adam Smith’s Dinner? demonstrates that “However you look at the market, it is always built on another economy” — specifically the unpaid and unacknowledged labor of women. And We Were Feminists Once looks at how the feminist movement that once defended women from exploitation has been co-opted by corporations, who sanitize our righteous anger and then try to sell it back to us. Based on your reading of these four texts, consider when would be the optimum time to burn it all the fuck down.

Lesson 5: (Speaking of Commodified Feminism) We’ve Come a Long Way, Baby

Faludi, Susan. Backlash: The Undeclared War on American Women. Anniversary ed. New York, Broadway Books, 2009.
Marcus, Sara. Girls to the Front: The True Story of the Riot Grrrl Revolution. New York: Harper Perennial, 2010.
Pollitt, Katha. “We Are Living Through the Moment When Women Unleash Decades of Pent-Up Anger.The Nation, 11 Jan. 2018.
Povich, Lynn. The Good Girls Revolt: How the Women of Newsweek Sued their Bosses and Changed the Workplace. New York, Public Affairs, 2012.
Richards, Amy, and Cynthia Greenberg, editors. I Still Believe Anita Hill: Three Generations Discuss the Legacy of Speaking Truth to Power. New York, Feminist Press, 2012.
She’s Beautiful When She’s Angry. Directed by Mary Dore, She’s Beautiful Film Project, 13 Nov. 2014.
Solinger, Rickie. Wake Up, Little Susie: Single Pregnancy and Race Before Roe v. Wade. New York, Routledge, 1992.
Walker, Rebecca. “Becoming the Third Wave.” Ms. Magazine, Jan. 1992.

Watch She’s Beautiful When She’s Angry, then read, in this order: Solinger, Povich, Faludi, Richards and Greenberg, Walker, Marcus, Pollitt. Then call all of your over-40 female friends and relatives to tell them how much you love them.

Lesson 6: Pop Culture Puts Us in Our Place

Chocano, Carina: You Play the Girl: On Playboy Bunnies, Stepford Wives,Trainwrecks, and other Mixed Messages. Boston, Mariner, 2017.
Doyle, Sady. Trainwreck: The Women We Love to Hate, Mock, and Fear… and Why. New York, Melville House, 2016.
Petersen, Anne Helen. Too Fat, Too Slutty, Too Loud: The Rise and Reign of the Unruly Woman. New York, Plume, 2017.
Scovell, Nell. Just the Funny Parts… And a Few Hard Truths About Sneaking into the Hollywood Boys’ Club. New York, Dey Street, 2018.

All of these books examine how our popular culture is driven by literal boys’ clubs and their corresponding ideas about the acceptable uses of a female person. Apart from “fuck toy” and “housekeeper,” what are some examples of these uses, as determined by extremely wealthy, mostly white men? List as many as you can think of. Extra credit to anyone who can make a credible argument for more than three.

Lesson 7: Black Anger, White Anger

McFadden, Syreeta. “Men Are Allowed to Rage. Serena Williams Has to Be Graceful.” Elle, 11 Sept. 2018.
Jamison, Leslie. “I Used to Insist I Didn’t Get Angry. Not Anymore.” The New York Times, 17 Jan. 2018.
Jerkins, Morgan. “How I Overcame My Anger as a Black Writer Online.” Lenny, 1 Aug. 2017.
Davis, Angela. Freedom Is a Constant Struggle: Ferguson, Palestine, and the Foundations of a Movement. Chicago, Haymarket, 2016.
Khan-Cullors, Patrisse, and asha bandele. When They Call You a Terrorist: A Black Lives Matter Memoir. New York, St. Martin’s, 2018.

McFadden and Jerkins (whose 2018 essay collection This Will Be My Undoing is also recommended) write about the ways expressing anger can hurt Black women — socially, professionally, physically, mentally — while Leslie Jamison, a white woman, writes about the dangers of repressing female rage. How does race, specifically for Black women as opposed to white women, circumscribe the boundaries of acceptable female anger? What effects do those boundaries have on which forms of activism the dominant culture will tolerate, let alone support? Black women are welcome to skip this lesson if they don’t feel like it; white people will be required to write a 10,000-word essay on the above texts before speaking.

Lesson 8: STEMinism

Saini, Angela. Inferior: How Science Got Women Wrong — and the New Research That’s Rewriting the Story. Boston, Beacon Press, 2017.
Dusenbery, Maya. Doing Harm: The Truth About How Bad Medicine and Lazy Science Leave Women Dismissed, Misdiagnosed, and Sick. New York, HarperOne, 2018.
Chang, Emily. Brotopia: Breaking up the Boys’ Club of Silicon Valley. New York, Portfolio, 2018.
Pao, Ellen. Reset: My Fight for Inclusion and Lasting Change. New York: Spiegel and Grau, 2017.
Wachter-Boettcher, Sara. Technically Wrong: Sexist Apps, Biased Algorithms, and Other Threats of Toxic Tech. New York, W.W. Norton, 2017.

The above authors explore different ways in which male domination of science, medicine, and technology has deleterious effects on women, both individually and structurally. In light of what you learn from them, consider questions like: What the actual fuck, even my phone has it in for women? What are the symptoms of heart attack in women, since nobody else is going to teach me? And, if your daughter or niece showed interest and aptitude in a STEM field, how would you talk to her about the future? Would you smoke a bowl first, scream into a pillow after, discreetly jam a needle into your palm, or what?

Lesson 9: Taking It out on Each Other

Chung, Catherine. “Yellow Peril and the American Dream.” The Rumpus, 12 Apr. 2013.
Lorde, Audre. “The Uses of Anger.” Women’s Studies Quarterly, vol. 9, no. 3, Fall 1981, pp. 7–10.
Shraya, Vivek. I’m Afraid of Men. Toronto, Penguin Canada, 2018.

Lorde asks, “What woman is so enamored of her own oppression that she cannot see her heelprint upon another woman’s face?” Vivek Shraya is afraid of men — both despite and because of being raised with the expectation that she’d become one — but also of women “who have internalized their experiences of misogyny so deeply that they make me their punching bag.” Catherine Chung writes of her increasing anger in response to racist microaggressions from white friends: “good people who have told me how they are outraged by racism, hurt by it, bewildered,” but who haven’t done the most basic work to understand their role in it. Looking back on the readings we’ve done so far, how do you think internalized misogyny and/or systemic racism make women dangerous to one another — especially white, cis women to trans women and women of color? If you are a white, cis woman, please try to answer this question without launching into a lengthy explanation of why you aren’t like that. If you are not a white, cis woman, three extra credit points will automatically be deposited in your imaginary student account every time one of us does that anyway.

Lesson 10: Mansplaining and Whitesplaining

Fricker, Miranda. Epistemic Injustice: Power and the Ethics of Knowing. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2007.
Solnit, Rebecca. “Men Explain Things to Me.” Guernica, 20 Aug. 2012.
Rekdal, Paisley. “Biracial Rage.” diaCRITICS, 26 Jun. 2012.

In the essays listed above, Solnit and Rekdal describe having their own books explained to them by men who blithely claimed superior authority over their topics: respectively, the life of Eadweard Muybridge and the experience of being a Chinese-European-American woman. Ever since Solnit’s essay hit the internet in 2008, “mansplaining” and its intersecting cousin “whitesplaining” have become two of the most commonly remarked upon sources of present-day feminist rage. But before that, they were problems without names: irritations and humiliations many of us had experienced without necessarily being able to articulate the widespread patterns to which they belonged. In Epistemic Injustice, Fricker describes two forms of the titular offense: “Testimonial injustice occurs when prejudice causes a hearer to give a deflated level of credibility to a speaker’s word; hermeneutical injustice occurs at a prior stage, when a gap in collective interpretive resources puts someone at an unfair disadvantage when it comes to making sense of their social experiences.” Discuss how these two wrongs “done to someone specifically in their capacity as a knower” explain both the underpinnings of ‘splaining and our collective inability to discuss it as a phenomenon until recently.

Lesson 11: Judith Shakespeare in a Rape Culture

Dworkin, Andrea. “Terror, Torture, and Resistance.” Canadian Woman Studies/Les Cahiers de la Femme, vol. 12, no. 1, Fall 1991.
Elliott, Alicia. “CanLit Is a Raging Dumpster Fire.” Open Book, 7 Sept. 2017.
Friedman, Jaclyn. Unscrewed: Women, Sex, Power, and How to Stop Letting the System Screw Us All. Berkeley, Seal Press, 2017.
Gadsby, Hannah. Nanette. Netflix, 2018.
Gay, Roxane, editor. Not that Bad: Dispatches from Rape Culture. New York, Harper Perennial, 2018.
McGuire, Danielle. At the Dark End of the Street: Black Women, Rape, and Resistance — A New History of the Civil Rights Movement. New York, Knopf, 2010.
Valenti, Jessica. Sex Object: A Memoir. New York, Dey Street, 2016.
Woolf, Virginia. A Room of One’s Own. London, Hogarth Press, 1929.

If Judith Shakespeare were alive today, do you think she would become a famous writer — or would she give up after being sexually harassed by her M.F.A. advisor?

Virginia Woolf asks us to imagine Shakespeare had a talented, intelligent sister named Judith — “as adventurous, as imaginative, as agog to see the world as he was” — and then consider the many ways in which her society’s treatment of women would have prevented her from achieving anything remotely like her brother’s success. If Judith Shakespeare were alive today, do you think she would become a famous writer — or would she give up after being sexually harassed by her M.F.A. advisor and a celebrated literary magazine editor she thought was genuinely interested in her work? How would her career trajectory be affected if she dropped out of college after being raped? Would prestigious outlets accept her poetry if she kept returning to the subject of her own victimhood, as if enraptured by it, because no matter how hard she tried to write about anything else — and she would try — it just kept demanding its place at the center of her work? Discuss how much women’s art, literature, and creativity has been sacrificed — is still sacrificed, daily — to men’s harassment and violence. Have Kleenex handy.

Lesson 12: Feminism, Resistance, and Revolution in Trump’s America

Clinton, Hillary Rodham. What Happened. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2017.
Mukhopadhyay, Samhita, and Harding, Kate, editors. Nasty Women: Feminism, Resistance, and Revolution in Trump’s America. New York, Picador, 2017.

Yes, I am that professor telling you to buy a book I get royalties on, but in this case, I’m doing it because of the 22 other women in this anthology — including Nicole Chung, Randa Jarrar, Melissa Arjona, Meredith Talusan, and Alicia Garza — who explore questions like: How can undocumented women trapped between borders and 100-mile checkpoints access the health services they need? How can a transracial adoptee survive Thanksgiving with white family members who voted for Trump? What precautions does a fat, queer, Muslim woman need to take before road-tripping in this country? How can activists from different backgrounds work together without turning their righteous rage on each other? And when, if ever, is it time to stop asking politely for our human rights and start throwing bricks? Please reserve your answer to that last question until after you finish reading What Happened.

Lesson 13: Hear Us Roar

Chemaly, Soraya. Rage Becomes Her: The Power of Women’s Anger. New York, Atria Books, 2018.
Cooper, Brittney. Eloquent Rage: A Black Feminist Discovers Her Superpower. New York, St. Martin’s, 2018.
Ford, Clementine. Fight Like a Girl. London, One World Publications, 2018.
Hartley, Gemma. Fed Up: Emotional Labor, Women, and the Way Forward. New York, Harper One, 2018 (forthcoming).
Traister, Rebecca. Good and Mad: The Revolutionary Power of Women’s Anger. New York, Simon and Schuster, 2018 (forthcoming).

Congratulations, friend. If you’ve made it this far, you are officially what ye olde femynyst internette’s favorite Spinster Aunt would call an “Advanced Patriarchy Blamer.” Now read these last few texts to get fired up and ready to fight. Or crawl under a blanket and cry, because the news is a lot right now. It’s okay. The fight will still be there when you’re ready. The fight will be there until we win.

And one day, I promise, we will.

The Middle Class is Too Broke to Afford the American Dream

Alissa Quart’s new book, Squeezed: Why Our Families Can’t Afford America, puts plain the economic predicament of the middle class in eloquent and heart-wrenching vividness. It is rare that a book hits home for me in such real and practical ways like Squeezed. As a working mother who grew up poor, my understanding of what it meant to be middle class included owning your own home and being able to pay for certain luxuries such as beach vacations, and maybe even, private school for my kids. I’ve realized, however, that despite our tax bracket, we are hardly ever able to afford those vacations, private school is a dream that will never be realized, and in this economy, renting is our only option.

Buy the book

In fact, on the day I conducted my interview with Quart, my own life could’ve been an example of one of the many people highlighted in Squeezed. There I was, a 38-year-old non-practicing attorney (and the debt to show for it) working at her part-time gig as a freelance writer while my five-year-olds were being babysat by a television because a nanny was not in the budget. Toward the end of our conversation, my son burst in on me and made it known that if I thought I was going to get any more work done that day, it was not going to happen. Quart has touched a nerve with Squeezed that will resonate with almost every person I know.

Alissa Quart is the author of four non-fiction books and works as the Executive Editor of the Economic Hardship Reporting Project (EHRP), a non-profit devoted to commissioning, editing and placing reportage about inequality. She is a 2018 Columbia Journalism School Alumna of the year, a Nieman fellow, an Emmy-nominated video writer and producer, and professor and poet.

I spoke with Quart over the phone about what defines the middle class, why caregivers are devalued in our society, and how parents can better equip their children for the economic realities of what it really means to be middle class in America.

Tyrese L. Coleman: I feel like I fit into all the categories discussed in your book. Maybe not so much the chapters on nannies and immigration, but I can relate to everything. Have you come across that a lot?

Alissa Quart: I’ve gotten 80 or so emails from people. Some are from people I know who are, kind of, “coming out” as struggling economically. There are other journalists who are like, “I don’t understand how my friends are able to pay for daycare.” You know, these kinds of mysterious things, “how is Blank Blank able to pay for so much daycare?” People will be like, “I went to business school and my wife is in IT and we can’t afford to have kids, thank you for writing about our experience.” And then a lot of people who were firefighters, adjunct professors, journalists and municipal workers write to me saying, “My husband has cancer and our insurance wouldn’t cover it, and our marriage is totally strained,” things that I don’t even get into as much in the book as I could’ve, which is people feeling depressed and isolated in their relationships. And the reporters who interview me, sometimes they’ll be like, “This really helped me. I’ve been thinking that I’m stigmatized and ashamed and my husband felt ashamed when he couldn’t get a second job on top of his first job and I gave him the book.” Those moments really make this whole process meaningful for me.

As a reporter and writer, there’s always this moment when you’re out of the proverbial cave of a big project and you are blinking in the light. That happened with this book as well. And when I started meeting the book’s audience, I realized that people’s experiences were even worse than I presented them in the book. For instance, I gave a reading in Cambridge and an adjunct professor stood up and said “Oh, I’ve sold my plasma lots of times.” I hadn’t even gone there in the book.

The organization I run, Economic Hardship Reporting Project, has covered the issue, though. With Barbara Ehrenreich, I funded and edited a story by the essayist, Darryl Wellington, who wrote an account of selling his plasma so much that he practically fainted — he did that to survive. I mentioned that in the conversation at the Harvard bookstore as an extreme instance of the squeezed middle class experience and then an adjunct got up and said it’s been his experience as well.

TLC: Most people do not want to talk about money concerns or how much money they make. How did you get people to open up about these topics and discuss the shame of not being able to live up to what it means to be middle class?

AQ: My line of work in running EHRP has put me in touch with people who are comfortable writing about this experience. That made it slightly easier. The fact that I was editing folks in squeezed milieu meant that I was in touch with nonprofits that do poverty alleviation and perhaps lent me more credibility with sources. I also worked really hard to find people who were open, and a bunch of people wanted to be anonymous. I never liked that because I feel like if you’re trying to get your reader to stop feeling ashamed, you don’t want your subject to show the reader that they are [ashamed]. Forget about standard journalistic principles, which would entail me wanting to name everybody. You also don’t want the shame of your sources to be literally coming off the page.

A lot of the way I located sources was through unions or advocacy groups: the Fight for $15 campaign, job counselors, second act types who are coaching people to get them into new careers. Because it’s gotten so bad for lawyers and journalists and academics, now there are all these groups that seek to help people who on paper should be privileged but are actually sometimes hungry and on food stamps. There are literally suicide call lines for lawyers and other specialized organizations for them like Leave Law Behind, and I found subjects through these sorts of for-profit and non-profit groups. I also went to “What’s Your Plan B?” which is a Facebook group with something like 10,000 out-of-work journalist members.

While desperation is still signaled by an empty shopping cart in this country, that’s not an accurate image when you come across the people in my book. It’s bigger things — housing, schooling, daycare, health care.

TLC: Your poetry book, Monetized, discusses this topic as well. Is there a nexus between that book and this one?

AQ: I am very interested in the place where people’s consciousness hits American capitalism. It started with my first book Branded, about how adolescents were dealing with the lust for Air Jordans and Backstreet Boys and the stuff in Delia catalogues that companies created. The objects of the teens’ desire may seem dated now, but the feelings around stuff — teens coveting stuff — is even more intense now. They would say things like “I am Pepsi. I am Coke.” There was such identification with brands and it’s only gotten more extreme in the social media age where they are their own brands.

I also read a lot in that area, not straight economics. It’s more like cultural studies and anthropology. I read books like No Shame in My Game or Evicted or Privilege, about that experience where consciousness hits this incredibly punishing and contemptuous marketplace that is unfair to many Americans. I wanted to capture the feelings around that, not just the numbers. When I wrote Monetized, it was over a 15 year period. I can’t afford to be a poet — we can all barely afford to be journalists! — so I was like, “Ok, I’m going to do this on the side, in the marginalia.” I would literally do poetry versions of the pieces I was reporting, or it would be almost on the side around the margins, like a metatext. That’s what I think that poetry book is and the one I am working on now, it’s the emotional lyrical response to the material I was encountering in my regular life as a journalist.

TLC: What to you does middle class mean these days?

AQ: Numerically, it means $42,000 to $125,000 a year in earnings for a family. That varies from place to place. For example, $117,000 now qualifies a family as lower-income in the San Francisco area. That’s why there’s a chapter about couples who earn say, $100,000 — $125,000, living in expensive areas, because I wanted to show that the middle class squeeze can affect people with higher incomes than we think. Then, on the other hand, my book includes people who, on paper, should be middle class, but they’re school teachers and they’re making $32,000, or the academics that are making $25,000.

I also think of “middle class” as a state-of-mind as well. It’s a way of seeing yourself as comfortable and secure. Somewhat aspirational, but not excessively so.

What I also notice about middle class jobs — ones that women work in particular — is that many of them have some element of caring for others which isn’t the case if you manage a hedge fund! But if you’re a teacher, a nurse, even an accountant, you’re tending to people’s needs in our society.

I didn’t focus on the people who were hardest hit but I focused on the people whose lot changed very dramatically instead.

TLC: I noticed that as well, the care-giving thread. It also seems to come down to whether you decide to have children as almost a deciding a factor as to whether you fit into these categories.

AQ: Yeah, it does. Barbara Ehrenreich, who started EHRP, said at an event we did at Politics and Prose, a bookstore in Washington D.C: “Why on earth would anyone have children after they reading your book?” And I thought, “Yeah that’s kind of thing.”

After all, having kids is really the difference. The cost of college and daycare are the some of the most expensive things right now for consumers, in this country. Daycare is eating up to 38% of people’s salaries in New York State. It can go anywhere from $10,000 to $30,000 per child. And it doesn’t have to be fancy to cost this much. We are talking about just any daycare. And if you have children in America, chances are you’re saving for your kids’ college and you probably also are in debt yourself. Some private college tuition has quadrupled since 1996 and public college cost has doubled. While desperation is still signaled by an empty shopping cart in this country, that’s not an accurate image when you come across the people in my book. It’s bigger things — housing, schooling, daycare, health care.

TLC: Did you see or feel any push back in the decision to focus on middle class? There’s always going to be the argument that there are people who are suffering more.

AQ: I wanted this book to challenge some assumptions. A lot has been written about the poorest people in this country. I wanted to show something related but different — just how an entire class of people, the middle class, has changed in meaning, stability and status, starting decades ago but ramping up recently. I felt a focus on the middle class was a way show something about our society generally, how it has devalued humans and care and many professions, that readers might find particularly identifiable. So yes, I didn’t focus on the people who were hardest hit but I focused on the people whose lot changed very dramatically instead.

TLC: One of the stories that I found striking was about one of your characters who I felt was required to stay below the poverty line. When my children were born prematurely, I was encouraged to quit my job in order to receive certain government benefits. I could relate to this woman.

AQ: I don’t think at that point that she could have made more money. There’s another story in the book about a labor organizer named Carly Fox who made just a little too much to get subsidized daycare. I think at some point she might have even asked to have her salary reduced by a few thousands dollars so she’d be daycare eligible. That’s part of the challenge for many of the people in this book. They aren’t the working poor or the unemployed poor and they’re making a little too much to have access to programs, to have access to affordable housing, or to have access to subsidized daycare or school lunch or food stamps. But they still could really use these forms of help to survive.

Having open conversations with our kids, our colleagues, and friends about social class and money, would ultimately create more solidarity among us, so we can try to create better small worlds among ourselves and a better future overall.

TLC: One person in the book said, “My dreams did this to me.” Do we need to change our American dream of upward mobility? What should that dream look like now knowing what the middle class is going through?

AQ: I think we obviously need more support. Teachers need affordable housing. We need to have more programs: Medicare for all, better maternity leave, universal pre-K. These fundamental things would make this transition easier.

But it doesn’t entirely describe what’s happened — this sort of “do what you love” identity that many of us had as journalists, writers, lawyers even, that we could still be middle class and do what we love. To do what we love now may just be too difficult, and we may have to offer different lessons to our kids about what they should aspire to do. That is challenging to me as a parent. Do I really want to tell my daughter she shouldn’t be an artist? “You should be a coder.” Should I say that? These and not the things my parents ever said to me. To them, being a professor was one of the highest things you could be. But I would not encourage my daughter towards that now. I think we do have to probably change our dream.

Of course, all that said, one of the things we need to look at with these “Make America Great Again” voters is that who was it great for? And my book isn’t saying the past was Edenic either. Sure the middle class was more stable and humdrum, but it was arguably more sexist, racist. Many were left out of that equation of the GI Bill or affordable college or home ownership or middle class professional success due to American racism or sexism. We really do not want to go back to 1960.

Yet there were elements of the past in America, like social welfare and social security, things that were created by the Great Society, that we should want to retain, and that we are losing or have lost. That recognition that people need that kind of support. There are also the things that almost happened in American history, that we need to happen in the future, for example in 1971, Nixon almost passed a childcare act that would’ve given many of us greater access to subsidized daycare. That was nixed by Nixon. And there are things during that period that almost happened that now aren’t even being considered.

One of the things we need to look at with these “Make America Great Again” voters is that who was it great for? Sure the middle class was more stable and humdrum, but many were left out of that equation of the GI Bill or affordable college or home ownership or middle class professional success due to American racism or sexism. We really do not want to go back to 1960.

TLC: What can we so that we don’t have to sacrifice our dreams or tell our children they cannot be artists? How do parents cope during a movement that devalues caregivers?

AQ: We can reframe. We need to think differently about care. And I try to own that process myself. I write about my own prejudices against motherhood. I thought pregnancy and mothering might make me weaker, that it would make me less productive. But there’s been both social science and scientific studies that show mothers are in fact more productive and that’s been my personal experience, that caring for a little person has made me a better reporter. I call it at the end of my book, the “motherhood advantage.” I think we could remind ourselves of this advantage and think about how care can easily coincide with productive labor. We should argue for expanded on-site daycare. Only 17% of fortune-500 companies offer onsite daycare despite the fact that childcare costs rose for the 5th straight year in 2017. We can vote differently. Internally, the things like having open conversations with our kids, our colleagues, and friends about social class and money, would ultimately create more solidarity among us, so we can try to create better small worlds among ourselves and a better future overall.

Robin Sloan Recommends 5 Books That Aren’t By Men

Robin Sloan’s latest novel Sourdough, newly out in paperback, has a female main character and is about baking—but don’t let that fool you into thinking he believes women belong in the kitchen. Sourdough is nominally about making bread, but it’s also a magical-realist romp about technology, startup culture, and dealing with forces beyond your control. The main character is female because, as the list below shows, Sloan just really loves oddball adventure stories by and about women.

Read More Women is Electric Lit’s biweekly series, presented in collaboration with MCD Books, in which prominent writers—of any gender—list their favorite or most formative books by women and nonbinary authors.

The Westing Game, Ellen Raskin

Like many readers, I can name, without hesitation, a bright clutch of books from my earliest days of reading, the books that delivered my earliest experiences of readerly delight, absorption, and — upon arriving at their last pages — loss. These are the books that made me a reader and, therefore, a writer, and first among them is The Westing Game.

For me to tell you The Westing Game holds up today is like a table telling you, “Turns out, wood is still pretty great!” The claim might be true, but I’m an unreliable source, because The Westing Game made me. If I ever found it lacking, it would be a sign that something fundamental inside of me had changed or broken. So I guess that’s part of it, too: every time I reread The Westing Game, I’m glad to find that part of myself intact, undamaged.

In its text, I can see the inventory of all the things I love most in books, and have tried (mostly unconsciously) to emulate: there’s Raskin’s matter-of-fact pluralism, her secret identities, codes and puzzles, intergenerational alliances, and, at the end, a fast-forward shuttle through time, warm and wistful, that I have cribbed for nearly everything I’ve ever written.

Just this once, listen to the table when it tells you: wood holds up.

The Earthsea Cycle, Ursula K. LeGuin

In a way, my experience with The Earthsea Cycle has been the opposite of my experience with The Westing Game. As a very young reader, I devoured its first installment, A Wizard of Earthsea — perfect proto-Harry Potter. But then, early into the second, The Tombs of Atuan, something just didn’t click. I abandoned it.

When I finally returned, about twenty years later exactly, I realized why: The Tombs of Atuan is different. Wizard school is long gone; this is a book about men and women and beliefs that become cages. It’s about power! Reading as a child, the book was nearly illegible — I wasn’t yet receiving on those frequencies. Reading as an adult, it blew up the radio.

So I kept going. With the last two books in the series, LeGuin completes her deconstruction. Remember, we started with wizard school and dragons, then moved into gender and power. By the time we reach Tehanu, the high fantasy has come home; the final Earthsea book is an epic of domesticity and care. (Of course, there are still dragons. In fact, a dragon figures into the book’s climax, and it’s one of the most breathtaking ever written.)

I’m grateful for my time-shifted experience with the Earthsea books. It’s a pointed reminder that books are patient, and there is real power — something close to the power of Earthsea’s true names — in the right book exactly, at exactly the right time.

Parable of the Sower, Octavia Butler

I’m someone who thinks a lot about the future, and generally I do so with curiosity and anticipation. If you pay any attention to the world, your response to the previous sentence might very understandably be: give me a break. World-weary fatalism is currently not only fashionable but reasonable.

For me, Octavia Butler is the antidote, because with Parable of the Sower, she wrote a book utterly unflinching in its understanding of suffering — of power and pain in the real world — BUT SIMULTANEOUSLY more soaringly optimistic than Star Trek. I don’t have the skills to describe how she pulls this off on the page; all I know is, it’s there, the bright duality, her optimism as urgent and organic as her realism.

What an achievement: to imagine a bright future without being for a moment naive or blase about suffering in the present. I’m not sure I can do it; not yet. Butler’s book is the lodestar.

Hild, Nicola Griffith

Novels can be good in lots of different ways, but there’s one that might be best among them, and it’s what I would call generosity. The easiest way to understand is simply to read an extremely generous novel, and I can’t think of a novel more generous than Nicola Griffith’s Hild. This is a book that sets up its capacious dream-spell with warmth and poise, then lets you get comfortable. It lets you live there.

Midway through, you feel as if you’ve been in Hild’s world (7th century Britain) for months. Then, you inspect the book — feel more than half of its 560 pages still unread in your right claw — so much yet to happen — miraculous. There’s not a moment of slog, never even the possibility of a skimmed paragraph. Everything savored, and so much of it.

This is deep, cat-purr pleasure, and if it’s the best way for a novel to be good, it’s the one I’m worst at. As a writer, I’m too stingy; I set up the dream-spell, then snatch it away. Reading Hild makes me want to write more, and better. Generosity!

SuperMutant Magic Academy, Jillian Tamaki

Here’s what I love about Jillian Tamaki’s SuperMutant Magic Academy:

  • It’s a digital project, originally a webcomic, now committed to paper so appealingly it feels like it must have been a book all along.
  • Its worldbuilding emerges subtly, at odd angles. Characters sneak into the sides of panels, then gradually attract the spotlight.
  • The spare, expressive cartooning is… perfect. What do you want me to say? It’s just perfect!

I’ve always appreciated compendiums of old newspaper comic strips, the fat ones that go all the way back to the beginning, because you can see the art evolve and improve as the years tick by. In SuperMutant Magic Academy, Tamaki’s drawings are as terrific on the first page as they are on the last, but there’s still that sense of venturing forth without a blueprint, maybe without a net. It’s personal, organic, a bit of a ramble — wonderful.

I learned to write by blogging, and I remember the feeling of starting a post before I knew what I was going to say, or what I even thought. It was a loose, generative way to think and write, and… I hardly ever do it anymore! So, for me, SuperMutant Magic Academy is — well, foremost it’s simply a delight, but besides that, it’s a reminder that you can create and publish in this looser way, have all that fun with digital immediacy and little chunks of humor and story, and still end up with something rich and coherent printed between two covers. How about that!

Young Adult Novels Are Finally Telling the Truth About Internet Friendships

Content warning: attempted suicide

I was sixteen when an internet friend first told me she wanted to die. She and I had met in person once, and for at least two years prior, we’d traded messages about Janelle Monáe and Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind. She’d been diagnosed with depression, and that night, when she thought she was going to end it, I was the first person she told.

I didn’t know what to do. She lived over a hundred miles away, and I didn’t have a phone number for her mom. So I just started messaging her — frantically at first, an onslaught of emojis and reminders of happy moments, until, in staccato sentences, she started responding. I told her I loved her. She told me thank you. When her mom came home half an hour later, she was safe.

Weeks later, I admitted to her that I didn’t really like the person I was. I didn’t feel like anyone at my high school understood me, and I was afraid coming out as queer would only make it worse. I can’t remember what she told me next, but I know it made me realize, maybe for the first time, that I wasn’t alone.

This type of friendship, built on secrets traded from a distance, is one I’ve rarely seen reflected in pop culture. Even though 57 percent of teens have made friends online and the vast majority have never met those friends in real life, according to a 2015 Pew Research Center survey, portrayals of internet friends in mainstream culture still verge on ridiculous. Hollywood has used internet friendships as fodder for slick dramas, like the documentary-turned-MTV-reality-show Catfish, or as the scaffolding of social satires like the Aubrey Plaza-led Ingrid Goes West, where a Pennsylvania woman moves to Los Angeles to befriend an Instagram influencer who replied to her comment one time. (The central joke is that no one acts in real life quite as they do on social media.) In music, up-and-coming groups like Superorganism, whose members were internet friends before they were bandmates, have made meeting online an essential piece of their origin story, though few artists explore those relationships in their actual songs. But in literature, especially YA literature, there has been a quiet explosion of books that portray internet friendships as most people experience them: lifelines in a world where they don’t always fit.

Even though 57 percent of teens have made friends online and the vast majority have never met those friends in real life, portrayals of internet friends in mainstream culture still verge on ridiculous.

Novels are uniquely positioned to capture the depth of an online friendship because fiction operates on the same frequency as online friendships. In each, the vehicle to understanding is written confession. It is the laying bare of your most intimate thoughts for a distant reader to piece into a narrative that, until then, no one else has quite understood.

Readers entering the mind of a fictional narrator are privy to the kinds of intimacies reserved for close friends. You can imagine a fictional first-person narrator typing up all of their hopes and dreams late into night the way I did for my internet friends.

When that novel centers internet friends, readers are primed to understand how two people who have never met could be so drawn together — and how the messages they send could hold so much power.


Mary H.K. Choi’s YA novel Emergency Contact begins with a panic attack. Penny Lee, an incoming college freshman struggling to disentangle herself from her “MILF for a mom,” finds Sam Becker, a 22-year-old barista, passed out on the street. The two had met once before because Sam is related to Penny’s college roommate, so when she drives him home and exchanges phone numbers with him, Sam quips that she’s now his “emergency contact.”

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Though Penny and Sam hardly speak in real life, they launch a friendship through texts with a simple premise: they will tell each other all of the things they’re afraid to say in their real lives. For Sam, that means confessing his declining mental health; for Penny, it involves dealing with the aftermath of a sexual assault and her disjointed relationship with her mom.

Sam and Penny aren’t internet-first friends; they met once before they started texting. But for them, as for the closest internet friendships, virtual space has helped them form a two-person support group. Neither is versed in the art of personal sharing, and texting offers them both the time to work through their thoughts and the distance to share them on their own terms.

That’s not to say that they all they do is swap secrets. Most conversations are less about lifelong struggles and more about whatever thoughts cross their minds — the tyranny of supermoons, for instance, or why the American healthcare system is such a mess.

Choi gives them space to wrestle through their own insecurities at their own pace. Their texts run on for pages and pages: it’s a YA contemporary novel that clocks in at nearly 400 pages. In interviews, Choi has joked that Emergency Contact is a book where “high-key nothing happens,” maybe because countless conversations don’t have immediate relevance to the overall plot. But these moments are far from inessential. They immerse you in Penny and Sam’s world. As a reader — if you’re listening — you begin to see how their trust forms. You feel them opening up. Maybe you even feel part of their friendship.

Emergency Contact, which hit the New York Times bestseller list soon after its March 27 release, is only the most visible of a body of YA books capturing how internet friends rely on each other. Roomies by Sara Zarr and Tara Altebrando chronicles the increasingly intimate email exchanges between a pair of college-roommates-to-be the summer before they start college, while The Lost & Found by Katrina Leno plays with magical realism to examine what it means to confess your deepest secrets to strangers in an online support group.

Only a novel can capture that kind of trust, because deciphering a novel is a more artful version of deciphering rambly texts from a friend. When that novel focuses on an internet friendship, readers become part of the dynamic: reading the back-and-forth texts, readers are drawn into the fictional friendship — say, Penny’s and Sam’s — at the same time as the characters are.

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In Gena/Finn by Hannah Moskowitz and Kat Helgeson, another YA book, confession takes another literary form: fan fiction. Though Gena and Finn are at different points in their lives — Gena is entering college while Finn is leaving it — they share a love for the buddy-cop protagonists in the fictional TV show Up Below. Gena writes fan fiction about it, and Finn creates fan art. But for each of them, fandom is a way to reckon with their own lives: distant parents, relationship problems, and chronic hallucinations. Even when it isn’t explicit, each girl recognizes something percolating beneath the surface of the other’s fan art. So they start messaging.

Fan fiction is fundamentally about self-exploration, and the online communities that spring up around it therefore traffic in each other’s most intimate questions. What if I like girls? spills into What if Hermione likes girls? It’s a way to reach out without saying the words, because the beauty of the internet is that the right people will be there to listen. That’s what Penny and Sam found. That’s what reading prizes before all else.

Maybe one reason why YA books in particular have so adeptly explored these online connections is that the central idea of an internet friend — entrusting your secrets with someone on the periphery of your world — is an update of a much older children’s literature trope. It runs through Matilda and Miss Honey in Matilda and Liesel and Max Vandenburg in The Book Thief; in times of need, vulnerable young people gravitate to vulnerable strangers.

The central idea of an internet friend is an update of a much older children’s literature trope: In times of need, vulnerable young people gravitate to vulnerable strangers.

These friendships feel especially honest in a world in which even close connections operate out of convenience. Stripped of space, friendships revolve less around who you can drag with you to lunch or to a party and more around the ultimate point — to who cares about you for no other reason than because they do. Toward the end of Emergency Contact, Sam Becker summarizes in a phone call with Penny:

“Let’s be friends,” he said, suddenly serious. “Real ones.”

Penny nodded as tears coursed down her cheeks. “We are friends,” she said lightly. She breathed quietly so he couldn’t hear her cry.

“Yeah, I know that, but let’s be so good to each other.”

His idea is not that their friendship will only become “real” when it migrates out of digital space. Rather, he is acknowledging what he and Penny have been afraid to admit. There is something special about the two of them, about their long-winded text threads, about their tentative secrets. And he doesn’t want to hide from it anymore.


Since the first internet chatrooms, researchers have known there is something special about online connection. In a 1996 study, linguist Susan Herring concluded that people replied to email discussion chains, the precursor to the online forum, because they sought to express themselves in new ways and receive support. The next year, sociologists Starr Roxanne Hiltz and Barry Wellman “suggested that online communities provide emotional support and sociability as well as information and instrumental aid related to shared tasks,” as the 2004 paper, “Virtual Community Attraction: Why People Hang Out Online,” later summarized.

Writing for the BBC in May 2015, writer Charlotte Walker framed the emotional support inherent in online relationships as especially necessary for people with mental illness. “I couldn’t count the times someone has generously held my virtual hand through suicidal feelings or debilitating anxiety,” Walker wrote.

It is here that internet friends become lifelines. Choi’s phrase “emergency contact” is a stand-in for a larger truth that so many people live — the knowledge that your internet friend is the last line of defense, the person you go to when you need to be heard.

Choi’s phrase “emergency contact” is a stand-in for a larger truth — the knowledge that your internet friend is the last line of defense, the person you go to when you need to be heard.

Maybe one reason literature has best captured the ways in which internet friends become lifelines is that it is difficult to dramatize texts on screen, which rules out most film portrayals. But the essential link stretches deeper. The medium is primed to explore internet friendship because it already places immense value on the power of someone else’s written thoughts. When you read a book about internet friendships, you experience all of the dumb jokes and uncertain confessions. You become part of friendship. And you see — in a way no other form allows — how two far-off people could develop such a deep trust.

Editor’s note: This piece originally said that the characters in Gena/Finn were creating specifically romantic fan art and fiction, which is not the case.

My Mother’s Mental Hospital

“My Mother’s Mental Hospital”

by Katya Apekina

The trees are thick on both sides of the highway. They pop out, illuminated by the headlights, then flatten, slip into darkness. For long stretches we are the only ones on the road.

Charlie is telling me about a woman he met in an abandoned subway tunnel.

“She had a whole apartment under there. A c-c-couch. A bed. A fridge. A bookshelf. She had more furniture than I do, and she was tapped into the p-p-power grid. It was basically an apartment underneath 7th Avenue.”

I turn away from the window and look at him.

“Was she beautiful?” I ask. An underground mermaid. Dirt in her long hair. My mother.

“The h-h-homeless woman?” He looks at me.

Was that a strange thing to ask?

“You just said she wasn’t homeless, that she had an apartment inside the tunnel.”

He nods. Then after a while he says: “No, she wasn’t b-b-beautiful.”

“I was just trying to picture her,” I say under my breath, and flip the radio on to cover my embarrassment. I turn the dial through the stations, backwards and forwards, but I don’t find anything. I leave it on static and turn it down until it’s very quiet, then lean back in the seat.

He smiles. “You like static?”

“Yeah.”

“Why?”

“I don’t know… It reminds me of being a little kid.” I look at his profile. “My mom would put Mae and me in front of the broken TV set.”

“White n-n-noise is very soothing. Sounds like the inside of a womb.”

“No.”

“N-n-n-no?”

“No. I mean, maybe it’s soothing, but that’s not why she did it.”

“Why then?” He yawns with his mouth closed. His nostrils flare.

“She’d make us watch the snow on the screen and tell her what we saw.”

“Like a g-game?”

“Yes.” It was. Mae would say it wasn’t. I guess there were times when it hadn’t felt entirely playful. I haven’t told Charlie yet about the mental hospital. I’d just said hospital. If he knew would he still call it a game?

“So, what kind of things d-did you see?”

“I didn’t see anything. I saw snow. But I made things up, described scenes from shows I’d seen at other people’s houses.” I could tell Mom wanted something and I was trying to give it to her. Trying and failing. ithough.”

“What kinds of things?”

“Visions. Strange stuff.”

“How do you know she wasn’t m-m-m-making them up too?”

“I don’t. But she would go into a trance. You could pinch her and she wouldn’t even notice. Also, the kind of stuff she saw wasn’t anything exciting. A snake slithering up a tree. A boy rowing a boat. Like if she were to make them up wouldn’t they be more dramatic? A man with a knife! That kind of thing. Why make up a boy in a boat?”

“She would stare at the TV set and s-s-s-see those things?”

“Yeah. Does that sound crazy?” I’m not sure what I want him to say. Yes, but if he were to say “yes,” I wouldn’t like it. She’d certainly been acting crazy in New York, but not like externally, not in a way I could explain to anybody else. It was the kind of thing where if I tried I’d be the one who sounded crazy.

He shrugs. “It sounds c-creative. My parents never invented games. If our TV broke they would fix it. They wouldn’t see it as an opportunity to nurture my c-c-creativity. They had no sense of h-humor. They weren’t unhappy, just very practical.”

I guess that’s what she’d been doing, nurturing creativity. I yawn. The clock on the dashboard says 3:52 a.m. It’s been a very long day.

“It’s like those M-Magic Eye Books,” he continues.

“What?” I ball up a jacket and use it as a pillow.

“You know. Those p-p-p-picture books that look like abstract art, but if you stare at them and unfocus your eyes, or actually more like f-f-f-focus on some point in the distance, a 3-D picture emerges. A l-l-lion’s head, or a house, or w-w-whatever. You’ve never seen a Magic Eye book?”

I close my eyes. “No, I’ve never heard of them.”

“Yeah, I l-l-like that,” he says after a while, out loud but to himself.

I’m drifting off. My body is heavier but my brain is lighter.

“That s-seems like something your mom would do,” I hear him say through the haze of sleep.

I’m standing in the middle of the kitchen, water is overflowing from the sink. How would Charlie know what my mom would or would not do? I’m asleep. The whistle of the teakettle wakes me up. It’s dark out. I am alone. A train is going by outside the truck. We are parked on the edge of an empty field. Charlie is not in the driver’s side. He abandoned me here. The train is very close, maybe he jumped on one of the cars. Hadn’t that been one of the stories he told me? He rode the rails out to Ohio after his mom died? I roll down my window and squint through the darkness hanging over the field. The air feels very still and wet. I turn and look back and there he is: stretched out in the bed of the truck, asleep.

I wake up and we’re driving through the mountains. They’re beautiful. God, I feel good. I feel like yesterday was a cocoon and today I’ve emerged from it as my true self. I must have been asleep for a long time, because the light coming in through the windshield is yellow. Afternoon light. The best kind, according to Mom. Mom, I will be seeing you in a matter of hours.

I watch Charlie drive, his mouth hanging slightly open, hair falling over his forehead, eyelashes glowing in the sunlight like little halos. He looks so normal when he’s not stuttering, so handsome. I think about the way his lips and chin tremble when he talks. Mae’s right, it’s repulsive, but it’s also kind of fascinating. I picture his trembling mouth on top of mine. His tongue seizing up against my tongue.

“Good m-morning,” he says. He’s noticed me watching him.

I yawn and stretch. Yawn again. He’s squinting at the road, so I reach over and lower the sun visor on the driver’s side, and he looks at me like it’s the kindest thing anybody has ever done for him. I take a sip of lukewarm coffee from his paper cup. The clock on the dashboard reads 5:47 p.m.

“Where are we?” I ask.

“West Virginia. Are you h-h-hungry?”

The billboards along the side of the highway interrupt the view of the mountains. They are counting down to a diner that serves breakfast all day. The eggs glisten, the sausage glistens, the pancakes look like you could take a nap in them face down. We decide to go there. I feel giddy. Giddyup.

In the parking lot, the air is warm. It smells so nice. I grab Charlie by the sleeve of his plaid flannel.

“Do you feel that?” I ask him, lifting my face up to the sky, into the wind.

“W-w-what?” We left spring and entered summer.

“The air. It’s already Southern.”

He laughs. “You s-s-smell that you’re closer to home. Like that dog who always f-f-f-finds its way back.”

“Are you calling me a dog?” I ask, shaking him by the sleeve, laughing. “Are you calling me a fucking dog?”

Our laughter follows us into the diner, invades the hum of the fluorescent lights and the scraping silverware. I ask for the scenic booth facing the mountain, and let go of his sleeve only when we sit down.

“It smells like a swimming pool,” I say.

“They j-just mopped the floor.” Charlie points to a bucket and mop, left out and leaning, in the corner of the room.

The fat waitress brings us water. The skinny one argues with someone in the kitchen through the little window.

“What are you getting?” I ask, unsticking the laminated pages of the menu. There are photos of all the dishes.

Charlie points to a picture of a Jell-O salad and I laugh at this familiar game — find the grossest thing on the menu. “The l-l-l-local delicacy,” he reads.

I flip through to the entrees and point to a picture of a gray slab of meat on a bed of spaghetti. The washed-out colors of the print job make it look particularly gruesome. “I’m gonna go with the crime scene photo,” I say.

He cracks up. We laugh longer than we probably should because it’s not that funny. I look at the picture again and laugh harder. No, it’s pretty funny. Charlie pulls the menu off the table so we can’t look at it anymore. He catches his breath, takes a sip of water, chews on the ice, grins.

And then, we’re just staring across the table at each other smiling and not saying anything. Several minutes go by like this, or maybe much longer. I look away. Something in his face looks so open that it makes me embarrassed. A feeling drills through me, down my throat and between my legs. Our ice water in the plastic octagonal glasses casts long shadows on the tabletop. Little black-and-white oceans.

“W-w-what are you thinking about?” He breaks the silence first.

“I guess… that I’m happy,” I say, looking up at his face, but not his eyes.

He nods. “Happiness was like a bull and they were trying to hold on,” he whispers weirdly.

“What?”

“It’s a l-l-line from your dad’s book,” he says. “S-sorry, I thought you knew it.”

“Oh, no,” I say. “I’ve never actually read him.”

Whose happiness had Dennis been writing about? His and Mom’s? The Happiness Rodeo. I’d say he and Mom did not manage to hold on very well. They both fell off and what? Happiness trampled them? C’est la vie! What a weird metaphor. I wonder how you say bull in French? Vache? No. That’s cow. Happiness is like a cow. The waitress is like a cow. Her belly, bisected by that apron, looks like an udder. She licks the tip of her pencil and takes our order. Neither of us get what we said we would.

When she leaves Charlie lights a cigarette. I gesture for him to pass it to me.

He hesitates. “I d-d-didn’t know you smoked.”

My hand brushes against his fingers as I take it.

“I don’t,” I say, and let the cigarette hang out of the corner of my mouth without breathing in.

I try to do a smoke ring. My mom taught me how once, but I start coughing.

“You al-l-l right?” he asks, taking the cigarette back, and pushing my water towards me.

I nod but can’t stop coughing. An old couple in a booth across the restaurant is watching us. The woman has tubes coming out of her nose connected to an oxygen tank. I wave and cough, wave and cough. Take a sip of the water, a deep breath.

“That was embarrassing,” I finally say after I’ve stopped coughing. He must think I’m a real idiot.

“It’s probably better not to start anyway,” he says with the cigarette in his mouth. The cigarette changes his face. It’s sexy. A little bit tough.

The waitress sets down a monster stack of pancakes in front of me. “Anything else?” she asks Charlie.

I watch him pour hot sauce over his eggs and dip the wheat toast in the yolk. We chew for a while in silence, staring out at the mountain. Unlike the ranges in the distance that look blue or even purple, this mountain is covered in light green grass. It looks like a very difficult golf course.

“So,” I say after I swallow several mouthfuls of pancake. “What about you? What are you thinking about?”

That you’re also happy? That you think I’m wonderful despite my making an ass of myself with the cigarette?

He finishes chewing, swallows, then carefully puts the cigarette in his mouth before answering. “Mountain top removal,” he says.

What?

He keeps the cigarette in his mouth as he talks. “See the grass up there?” He points with his fork, the tines gluey with yolk. “It’s not supposed to look like that. A coal company, probably Massey, blew the top off that mountain to get to the coal, turned the surface of it into a fucking moonscape, polluted the water and air with chemicals. There’s a big toxic lake in there with the runoff, called a slurry pond. People around here, children, are 30 times as likely to get cancer, asthma, all kinds of nasty stuff. Then the coal company ‘beautified’ the whole mess by planting that bullshit grass…”

That’s what it is! He hasn’t stuttered. It must be having a cigarette in his mouth. Maybe that’s why he smokes. Or, maybe it’s because he’s ranting about the mountain. Like if he talks about something he cares about he overcomes it or something.

“What?” he asks.

I shrug.

“You’re l-l-looking at me funny.” The stutter is back. He puts the cigarette out and reaches for my hand across the table. “So, do you want to go?”

“Where?”

“To a s-s-slurry pond. A little adventure.”

“Okay.”

His hand is warm and callused. I want him to touch my face and body with his big, strange hands and kiss my mouth. He’ll taste like hot sauce, cigarettes and coffee. He’s so much more substantial than Markus ever was. The whole thing with Markus was ridiculous. I can’t believe that I was at all broken up over it.

Charlie lets go of my hand and reaches for his wallet when the waitress sets the check down. I offer to pay but he doesn’t let me.

And then he stands as if nothing has just passed between us. He walks ahead not noticing that I am hesitating, that I hadn’t wanted the moment to end quite yet.

I stop next to a table of church ladies. Will he look back and notice I have fallen behind? Turn around and look at me, Charlie. Am I testing him? Maybe. He keeps walking. Am I being immature? Probably.

One of the church ladies, wearing a teal straw hat, puts down the salt shaker emphatically and says to the other: “Nancy Douglas is a bitch.” When Charlie gets to the door he turns around and waits for me to catch up. I run across the restaurant and almost into his arms. Into his truck, anyway.

Charlie gets out a map and traces something with his finger before he starts the engine. I listen to my breath as I watch him concentrating, like he’s full of electric sparks.

“There’s a path to a slurry p-p-pond,” he says, “not too far from here. A b-b-buddy took me once.”

I picture a sludgy swamp, the kind we have back home, hidden somewhere inside that grassy golf course mountaintop. I picture Charlie and me holding hands and sinking into it, slowly, slowly. Warm toxic mud rising up our legs. That’s how fossils are made.

We drive for a while up a narrow road under big industrial metal shoots. They look like broken amusement park rides, metal slides or deconstructed roller coasters. The road has gone from paved to gravel to dirt. By the time we drive off the road and park between two pine trees, the air outside is shadowy and blue. A sound like maracas. Crickets or tree frogs?

“Won’t it be too dark to see anything?” I ask.

Charlie shakes his head and passes me a flashlight. “It’s better in the d-dark.”

I click it on, but he covers the light with his hand. “Not yet,” he says.

We climb over a chain link fence and walk along a dirt path. We walk in silence in the thin gray light, with him several steps ahead of me. At one point the path curves and the trees thin out and we have a view of the highway below, the last bits of sunset reflected off the windshields of the passing pickup trucks.

We keep walking. There is another fence, this one has barbed wire at the top. Maybe we should turn back if someone doesn’t want us here this much. Charlie doesn’t hesitate, though, and I don’t say anything. He climbs the fence in a couple quick movements, drapes his Carhartt coat over the barbed wire and holds it there so I don’t cut myself. Once I’m over, he carefully pulls the coat free without even ripping it. His movements are so swift, precise and controlled — why doesn’t this extend to his mouth?

It’s dark already when we get to a small clearing with the parked cranes and tractors. In the dark they look like dinosaurs. We zigzag between them, then continue on the dirt road into the woods. We see the headlights of a car in the distance, coming downhill and Charlie pulls me in behind a big rock.

“What are they going — ” I start to ask him, but he shakes his head quickly and puts his hand over my mouth for good measure. What are they going to do to us? Is he scared at all?

He breathes against my cheek, and I think he is going to kiss me but he doesn’t. As soon as the car passes, he gets up and we keep going. Even though it’s dark now, he still doesn’t want to use the flashlights. We almost trip when we get to the third fence. It’s waist-high and wooden. The wood is old and mossy, rotten. It must have been put up a long time ago and forgotten.

Charlie and I crawl across the grassy knoll until we reach the drop-off. From here we can see the tarry black lake glistening in the dark below us. On its oily sheen, a yellow smudge — the reflection of the moon. Charlie pulls his shirt over his nose and mouth and gestures for me to do the same. The smell makes me dizzy, permanent markers and dead animals, the guts and bowels of the earth. My mouth tastes metallic.

Charlie grabs my hand and squeezes it. I can’t see much of his face in the dark, just his profile as he looks down below. He whispers through his shirt: “Eight hundred and fifty million gallons of carcinogenic runoff.”

He lists more facts, but they don’t matter to me. The lake is beautiful. It’s something from a fairytale nightmare. It’s the embodiment of everything mean and awful and wrong, contained and glittering.

We don’t stay long because the fumes are so toxic. On our walk back to the truck I keep thinking of Mom, of the pond inside her, of the broken dam and the sludge contaminating her, pouring out into her veins. If Mae were here, what would she think of all this?

I know what she would say. She would say that I don’t understand anything, that it was she who’d been Mom’s slurry pond.

“Are you okay?” Charlie’s voice comes from many steps ahead. “We need to keep walking.”

The night air is warm and wet. I roll my window down all the way and let the breeze blow through my matted hair. I’m home. I’m finally home. This air is enough to make my bones feel like they’ve turned to cartilage.

“Turn off at the next exit,” I say, patting Charlie’s shoulder. He clicks on the blinker. It’s been a long day on the road. Every once in a while he bulges out his eyes as if he’s being strangled, a technique, I think, for keeping himself awake. He’s been doing all the driving because I don’t know how to drive stick. He tried to show me in a dark parking lot after we stopped for gas but it didn’t go well.

“Are w-w-we going to your house?” His question turns into a yawn.

“To the hospital.”

I know it’s late and that the hospital will probably be closed to visitors but I want to feel like I’m near her for a moment. It seems cold to drive all the way down here and not go straight there.

I watch Charlie’s face as we pull up to the building past the sign: St. Vincent’s. There’s no flicker of recognition or judgment. I haven’t told him that it’s a mental hospital, so maybe he doesn’t know. Nothing about the building gives it away as such. Southern Louisiana has a lot of old haunted-looking places, but this isn’t one of them. It’s a newer construction, nondescript, seven stories tall with a fenced-in garden. I’d driven by it a million times and assumed it was an office park or a community college.

The parking lot is mostly empty except for a few cars in a gated section that must belong to the doctors and nurses.

“The lights are on,” I say hopefully, as Charlie pulls up to the front entrance.

“Hospitals always l-l-leave the lights on,” he says.

I get out while Charlie waits in the car. The front doors are locked. There is an empty room, a waiting room maybe, couches, tables, a front desk where a nurse or somebody usually sits. At the end of the room is an open door leading to a long, well-lit corridor. A security guard sits halfway down the hall, reading a newspaper. I knock and wave, but the glass is so thick it barely makes a sound. The guard doesn’t look up.

I walk along the side of the building until I get to a hedge growing around a tall wrought iron fence. I think about all the fences we climbed in West Virginia, but I don’t try to climb this one.

The fence goes around the residential wing of the hospital. The windows are square, ten on each floor. They’re the kind office towers have, the kind that don’t open. Of course they don’t open. Duh. It’s a mental hospital. In the rooms where the blinds are up there’s nothing to see — ceiling tiles and fluorescent lights.

Which of these rooms is Mom’s? Is she even on this side of the building? I try to concentrate on each window. Do any of them give me a “Mom” feeling?

This is stupid. Something Mae would do. If she were here she’d point to a window and be like, “That one! I just know!” like she has some kind of homing device in her brain that I don’t. But really Mae, and obviously I never said this to her, but if you’re so “in tune” and always know everything then why the fuck were you upstairs while Mom was in the kitchen, tying our old jump rope around her neck?

A hand on my shoulder. Jesus. It’s Charlie. I hadn’t heard him get out of the car.

“Are you all right?” he says. “I d-d-didn’t mean to scare you.”

Have I been here long?

“An orderly told me that they start taking visitors at 10 a.m. tomorrow. I caught him on his s-s-s-smoke break.”

I don’t want to leave yet. Charlie stands there and looks at me. I smile. I smile so that he’ll stop looking so closely.

A thump. The sound of a bird flying into glass. And then again. The sound is coming from the top floor. A woman’s face slams into the window, over and over. I feel the smile quivering on my mouth as Charlie pulls me away from the hedge. Two nurses inside rush to the woman, lower the blinds.

For a second, I thought that woman was Mom. But it wasn’t. It wasn’t Mom at all. Just some crazy person. Charlie is guiding me back to the truck, but I’m walking sideways because I can’t stop looking at the wall of windows.

On the fifth floor, I think I see the blinds shift, a shadow move. I stop.

Charlie lets go of my elbow.

“W-w-what?” he says, turns around and squints at where I’m looking.

It’s her. I’m sure of it somehow.

“Nothing,” I say, and get into the truck.

“We’ll c-c-come back in the morning,” he says and starts the engine.

I take Charlie on a night tour of my empty town.

“It’s all on the way,” I lie as I direct him to Old Metairie Rd. I make him slow down as we pass my high school. I point out the adjacent field where people go to dry hump, watch his face as I say the words dry hump, but he just yawns. I make him drive past my favorite record store, which is closed, of course, the metal grate down, covering the windows. I make him drive to the abandoned house by Lake Pontchartrain, where you can jump right off the splintery dock into the water.

“Want to go for a dip?” I ask. We can swim naked in the cold lake, have our first kiss in the moonlight while treading water.

“No, Edie. I’m t-t-t-tired. Let’s go home.” He holds my hand as he shifts the truck into gear. It’s sweet the way he said “home,” not “your house.” He hasn’t realized yet that this is it. This is really our last night together. There’ll be no place for us out here. He won’t fit in with my life, with caring for Mom, and once he sees how I am with my friends he’ll realize that I’ve only been pretending to be someone interesting and grown up.

He drives down Crescent Blvd. We’re getting closer and closer to the end of all this, whatever “this” is. We turn onto my street. It looks the same. The Lewises are watching TV in their upstairs bedroom. I can tell by the flickering blue light. The other houses are dark. This isn’t New Orleans. People turn into pumpkins at midnight.

I don’t point my house out to him, let him drive past it. I can’t go back yet. I just can’t. I’m not ready. Dennis had been in such a hurry to get us out that who knows what kind of mess we left in there. A bowl of rotting fruit on the kitchen table, the bread knife on the floor where I dropped it next to a puddle of piss. No. I want to have one last night that’s my own. Is that horrible? Tomorrow, I’ll come home and deal with everything. But tonight I’m not going to be weighed down by that stuff.

I make a production of looking for my key. “I’m sorry, I guess I forgot it,” I say and give him directions to a motel by the hospital.

“Really? You d-don’t have a spare h-hidden?” He seems a little put out by these drives, these loops, but that’s all he says. I pretend I didn’t hear him, stick my head out the window and close my eyes, let the warm wind hit my face.

The motel I take Charlie to is called The Aquarius. Markus and I once saw our Physics teacher drive up here with the school secretary. We’d joked about getting a room for ourselves, but of course we didn’t. I didn’t have a fake ID, and Markus is a coward.

The room Charlie gets us is on the second floor. It looks just like in the movies — a dark green bedspread, wicker furniture, a glass ashtray on top of the television set. I get undressed and climb under the covers. Charlie pretends he isn’t looking at me. He slowly unlaces his boots and stares at the painting hanging over the bed.

“How’s the b-b-bed,” he asks me only once I’m fully under the sheet.

“Fine.” I stretch out like a starfish. “Comfortable.” I bounce a little and the springs creek.

“You tired?” I say.

“Mhhm,” Charlie says. He angles his body away from me as he gets undressed down to his boxer shorts. His back is pale and muscular. I want to tell him that he looks like a marble statue. He does — so white and hairless — but I’m too shy to say it out loud.

He clicks the light off with the switch on his bedside table. The room goes dark, but then my eyes adjust to the greenish light coming in from the parking lot — from the streetlamps and the motel’s neon sign. Charlie is lying on his back as far away from me as possible.

He turns to face me, hand under his cheek.

“I’m sorry we couldn’t get separate beds,” he whispers.

I shrug. I’m not.

“Are you all right?” he whispers. He doesn’t stutter when he whispers.

I shrug again. He reaches his hand out to me but then puts it back down. “Goodnight,” he says.

I’m not ready for “goodnight.” I watch him shift and close his eyes and my heart starts racing. This can’t be it. I stand up on the bed, take a couple wobbly steps in his direction so my legs are towering over his head. I inspect the painting he’d been looking at earlier, run my fingers over the bumpy surface of the canvas. Even in the dark I can tell that it’s a sailboat on an ocean. At home, in Mom’s room, we have a big oceanscape that my grandfather painted. It’s funny to think that I hadn’t seen the real ocean until I visited Dennis.

I glance down at Charlie’s face. Is he asleep? No, but his eyes are closed. I poke his shoulder with my big toe.

“What?” he whispers. I poke him again. “What?” He smiles, but keeps his eyes closed, wraps his hand around my foot.

“Uh…Have you ever been sailing?” I ask. I can’t think of anything else, and I don’t want him to go to sleep. He doesn’t let go of my foot. He’s stroking the bottom of it with his thumb. I hold my breath and hope that he won’t stop.

“Mmhm,” he finally says, “I have.” And then when I can’t think of anything else to say, he says: “We should get some sleep.”

Disappointment swells in my throat. Does he really mean it? I keep standing there in the dark. I won’t move until he touches me again. 1…2…3…4…5…6. He shifts and looks up. The whites of his eyes glint like a knife. I put my foot on his neck, feel his pulse against my arch. Is it fast? Will he touch me? I feel him swallow. We’re both very still, the feeling between us that has been building over the long car ride… Or am I just imagining this? No. He wraps his hand around my ankle and slides it up my leg.

A weird croak comes out of me, not mine exactly. Maybe I should be embarrassed but I’m not. His hand stops mid-thigh, I step harder onto his throat. He licks his lips. Reach your hand farther, I want to say, but he stays very still, then suddenly he arches his back and grabs my hips, pulling me down onto his face. He kisses me through my underwear. He kisses hard, with his teeth, and sucks through the fabric. He slips his hand under the elastic, puts a finger inside of me. I lean my forehead against the wicker headboard. It feels so good what he’s doing, hot breath between my legs, a finger swirling in a circle, wider and wider. Nobody’s ever gone down on me before, not for real, not like this.

Charlie pushes me onto the bed and gets on top. His mouth, a minty ashtray and also something else. Me? It makes me feel like a cannibal knowing what I taste like.

“Are you sure — ” Charlie starts to say.

“Yes,” I interrupt and jam my tongue in his mouth before he has a chance to change his mind. I reach down and wrap my hand around his dick. It surprises me. From the way it felt against my leg I hadn’t expected it to be so big. Thick and heavy. Markus was always kind of half-mast wobbly. This thing is a cudgel. I squeeze it and watch his face. He closes his eyes, but not all the way, there’s a flutter of white eyeball. It feels powerful, holding him there, like he’s on a leash. So this is what it’s like with a man. I remember that part in Dennis’s book, the part Mae read to me.

His eyes go wide. “Not so hard,” he says. No trace of the stutter. His face looks different in the dark. I don’t know him at all. It’s a stranger who’s pulling off my soggy underwear. Charlie is locked in the bathroom and this is his double, nudging the tip of his dick against me, pushing it in. He gasps, transformed again, another unfamiliar mask, eyes rolled back, jaw clenched. I feel myself stretching and his dick creeping deeper into me, inch by inch. It’s impaling me, I think, as it finally hits against something. A lung? This is how I’d like to die, death by dick, mind totally blank. He puts his hands over my breasts. His hands are rough, like gloves. I don’t like this at all, but as I try to move them, he pinches my nipples harder than I thought would feel good. The pain shoots through me and transforms into something else. Why has nobody done this to me before? I hear a moan. He pulls out a little.

“No, don’t take it away,” I try to say but my mouth trembles in a silent stutter. Is this an orgasm? Pinpricks in my face, like it’s fallen asleep. I try to catch my breath but he stuffs his fingers in my mouth, pushes them towards my throat, and thrusts. Our bones slam. And again. I’m choking and contracting. Nothing exists.

He takes his hand out of my mouth, wipes the strands of saliva on his chest, wipes my stomach with the corner of the sheet. I can’t move. I’m limp, but he’s efficient, like he’s clearing the table. Feeling comes back to my face slowly. He gets up to get the ashtray and his cigarettes from the pocket of his pants, lies back next to me and pulls me into his chest. My cheek is resting against my own spit. I hear the click of the lighter, the inhale.

“Happiness is like a bull,” he says as he exhales.

I look up at him, and he blows the smoke out the side of his mouth.

“You’re happy?” I ask.

“Yes.” He kisses the top of my head.

I want to ask him if that’s why he’s not stuttering, but I don’t really want to bring it up. Maybe I’ve cured him. Or maybe he’s been faking the whole time. This bunny on crutches is actually a wolf.

“What?”

“What?”

“You were smiling.”

I nod. I feel light, like if not for his arm, I could float up, up, up.

He stubs the cigarette out and sets the ashtray on the bedside table. I look at his hand, the same hand that had just been in my mouth and the muscles inside of me tremble. The aftershock.

“Goodnight,” he says. He closes his eyes and slides down into his pillow.

I might as well tell him now about my mother, while he’s too tired to ask me questions.

“St. Vincent’s is a mental hospital,” I say quietly, in case he’s already asleep.

He doesn’t respond. A light whistle in his breath.

There are 127 ceiling tiles. Seven of them are stained. I count again, 129. I start to count a third time but lose interest. I’m not going to be able to fall asleep.

I get up and put on his flannel shirt, stand by the window. The street is empty and the air is wet. The fog is making a halo of green light over the neon sign. I think if I squint, I can see the street the hospital is on. What if Mom is different when I see her tomorrow? What if she has become a stranger? That’s stupid. She will never be a stranger. She will be so happy to see me. So relieved. There are cigarette holes in the hem of the curtain. Someone before must have been standing here, just like me, looking out this window.

“I know,” I hear Charlie say. It takes me a moment to realize he is saying that he knows about St. Vincent’s. I don’t know if he is awake or asleep, but he sits up and reaches for me and so I get back into bed and lie for a long time in the pocket of warmth he created under the sheet. I finally fall asleep as it’s starting to get light out.

14 Writers Imprisoned for Their Work

Writing is dangerous. Novels, social media, poetry, lyrics, journalism, and blogs are dangerous—because when one person speaks, others might just listen.

In honor of censorship’s dedicated efforts to keep innocent minds pure, Banned Books Week closes out September by spreading awareness of literature that no one under any circumstances should ever read. Don’t look up the 10 most challenged books of 2017, their accolades, or their reviews on the top of best sellers list. Don’t discuss their philosophical or sociological implications in your book groups. Don’t read and broaden your awareness of the world. Just remember ignorance is strength and paper burns at 451 degrees.

Joking aside, Banned Books Week is meant to reinforce the importance of literary freedom—not just reading, but also communicating one person’s experience to countless others. Writers around the world are under fire because their work is deemed too radical or too lewd. Luckily organizations exist to stand up for these oppressed writers. PEN International’s mission is to promote writing around the world in a cross-cultural exchange of community and understanding. Founded in 1922, PEN now has over 100 centers and funds to support grants, awards, and literary festivals on a global scale. One of PEN America’s advocacy programs, Artists at Risk Connection, campaigns to support artistic freedom and provides access to resources for individuals at risk, some of whom are in prison, others under house arrest or awaiting trial.

Ithaca City of Asylum is another of these amazing institutions that fights for writers’ rights. As a member city of the International Cities of Refuge Network (the only other one in the U.S. being Pittsburgh), Ithaca welcomes dozens of writers from around the world who are in exile from their home countries. Whether they have been banned, jailed, or discriminated against, Ithaca City of Asylum opens its doors for two-year residency programs where refugee writers are paid, protected, and free to write to their heart’s content. This isn’t a retreat but a period of regrouping in preparation for a literary recovery.

Listening to the stories of writers under attack is the first step to pushing back against censorship. To help get everyone started, here’s a quick debriefing on just a few of the fearless writers, journalists, cartoonists, advocates, and scholars who picked up their pens in a fight against silence and were imprisoned for their work.

Ahmed Naji, Egypt

Ahmed Naji’s case was unique because the Egyptian censorship board approved his novel Using Life when first published. Its unfiltered portrayal of sex, drugs, and loose living raised some eyebrows, but overall the work was masterful in its invocation of Egyptian pop culture and anti-authoritarian sentiment set on the dawn on the 2011 Egyptian revolution. International praise was not enough to protect him from the tightening political restrictions of 2014. An Egyptian citizen filed a complaint accusing the author of violating public morals because reading the racy contents of the book allegedly gave him heart palpitations and lowered his blood pressure. In 2015, Naji was sentenced to two years of prison and released after ten months but he was subject to a travel ban pending a retrial. During the retrial, the criminal court overturned his previous conviction and sentenced him to pay a fine instead. Finally free, Naji now lives in exile in the United States with his wife.

Imprisoned in Egypt for His Writing, Ahmed Naji is Finally Free

Galal El-Behairy, Egypt

A poet and songwriter, Galal El-Behairy earned a reputation for himself as a voice for nonviolent activism in Egypt. His first two books, Chairs Factory and Colorful Prison met with public approval, but his attempt to publish a collection of poetry failed despite having obtained permission from the censorship board. The Finest Women on Earth, simultaneously an homage to the strength and perseverance of Egyptian women and a political critique, was terminated by the publisher likely due to “Balaha,” a song he wrote for an exiled revolutionary singer, Ramy Essam. “Balaha” was performed a month before the Egyptian presidential elections and the song, much like his poetry, vocally opposed the rampant corruption pervasive in his country. Days after the release of the song, El-Behairy was arrested and tortured. He remains in prison while awaiting trial. PEN centers recently published a poem El-Behairy penned in prison,“A Letter from Tora Prison,” in hopes of drawing attention to his case.

Liu Xiaobo, China

Liu was a literary critic, human rights activist, writer and “black hand”, a label by the Communist Party for the organizers of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests. In 2008 he helped pen Charter 08, a citizen’s manifesto of nineteen demands for the Chinese government, including the freedom of association, assembly, and expression. His long history of protest granted Liu numerous awards from the international community including a Nobel Peace Laureate, but also costed him multiple stays in prison. Liu’s arrest in 2009 would be his last. Harsh prison conditions and late-stage liver cancer claimed his life eight years into his eleven year sentence.

Nurmuhemmet Yasin, China

Nurmuhemmet Yasin is a Uighur writer and poet in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China. He was arrested by the Chinese authorities on charges of inciting separatism because of his short story “Wild Pigeon.” The story was about the encaged son of a pigeon king who was caught by humans during his journey to find his people a new home. Instead of remaining enslaved, he chooses to end his life by consuming a poisoned strawberry. In 2005, Yasin was sentenced to 10 years in prison after a closed trial where he was denied a lawyer. The editor who published “Wild Pigeon,” Korash Huseyin was sentenced to three years in prison. There are reports that he has passed away in Shaya Prison following a severe illness in 2011.

Shokjang, China/Tibet

Shokjang is a Tibetan poet and writer who was imprisoned for three years for “inciting separatism.” Among his various trumped up charges, he was found guilty of penning an essay on freedom of religion and reading books banned by the Chinese government. In march of 2018, he was released but remains under strict surveillance.

Faraj Ahmad Birqdar, Syria

Thirteen years do not pass quickly in prison. Poet Faraj Ahmad Birqdar had been detained briefly twice before his final arrest, both times in conjunction with his work in the literary journal he and his friends had created. His third arrest in 1987 saw him imprisoned for three years. For seven years he was in detention awaited trial, tortured and denied medical care. In 1993, he was finally put on trial and sentenced to fifteen years under charges of joining an unauthorized political party. Birqdar wrote his most famous poetry collection, A Dove with Wings Outspread in prison. Writing sustained him through his years locked up, but freedom did eventually come. He was released in 2000 and vowed to write about life after spending so much time dwelling on death. Birqdar now lives in Sweden.

Ramón Esono Ebalé, Equatorial Guinea

Ramón Esono Ebalé, pen name Jamón y Queso, worked as a blogger and political cartoonist critiquing high ranking members of the Equatorial Guinea government and President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo with sharp witted caricatures. Said high ranking people were not amused. In September 2017, Esono Ebalé and several of his friends were arrested and questioned about his work. Shortly after, a police officer accused him of money laundering and counterfeiting. For nearly six months he was detained in Black Beach prison. The authorities released Esono Ebalé in March 2018 after the police officer admitted to falsifying his accusation based on direction from his higher-ups.

How Do You Advocate for LGBTQ Rights When Your Culture Has No Word for Gay?

Tal Al-Mallouhi, Syria

In 2009, Tal Al-Mallouhi was a 19-year-old Syrian student whose blog focused primarily on poetry and social commentary. In December, a branch of State Security summoned her with unsupported suspicions about her blog leaking information to a foreign state. That was the last any of her friends or family heard from Al-Mallouhi. For nine months she was detained with unspecified charges. The lack of evidence or charges against her did not stop the court from handing down a guilty verdict. In 2011 the State Security court sentenced Al-Mallouhi to five years in prison. A State Security report in October 2013 claimed that she was released, but alternative sources say she was only transferred to a different facility. Her current condition is unknown.

Asli Erdoğan, Turkey

Asli Erdoğan is one of the many journalists arrested for their contributions to Özgür Gündem, a pro-Kurdish political newspaper. The Turkish courts accused the newspaper of publishing “propaganda for the PKK [the Kurdistan Workers Party].” She was granted a conditional release shortly after her arrest and no longer subject to a travel ban, but Erdoğan and her fellow journalists associated with Özgür Gündem still face charges of terrorism which can result in a lifetime imprisonement in accordance with the tightened restrictions of the government.

Irakli Kakabadze, Republic of Georgia

A trilingual writer of political satire, Irakli Kakabadze received death threats after writing a newspaper editorial demanding an apology for persecution of Western Georgians following the 1992–94 conflict. A determined advocate for peace, Kakabadze faced both assaults and multiple arrests by Soviet and Georgian police in relation to his work as a human rights activist. Even now the possibility of further legal trouble has not stopped him from writing short stories, essays, and articles.

Zunar, Malaysia

Zulkiflee Anwar, known as Zunar, was arrested in 2015 under the colonial era Sedition Act for a series of tweets featuring cartoons he drew that criticized the government. He faced nine charges of sedition and a potential sentence of 43 years in prison. His cartoons satirized corruption and injustice in Malaysian politics that the state-controlled media did not cover. Since 2004, the Malaysian government have arrested Zunar numerous times, conducted multiple raids on his publisher and printers, banned nine of his books and threatened to arrest anyone who bought his works. After the 2018 election ushered in a new government and the arrest of the former Prime Minister and his wife on corruption charges, Zunar has been cleared of all charges.

Writing Behind My Country’s Back

Dareen Tatour, Israel/Palestine

In 2015 and 2016, the Israeli government cracked down on Palestinians and Israeli Arabs, making about 400 arrests on the charge of incitement through social media. Dareen Tatour, a Palestinian poet in northern Israel, was one of them. She was arrested on terrorism charges after posting her poetry on Facebook and YouTube urging resistance. After her arrest, over 300 literary figures including Alice Walker, Naomi Klein and Jacqueline Woodson signed a petition calling for the release of Tatour, saying that poetry is not a crime. In July 2018, Tatour was sentenced to five months in jail. She told Haaretz newspaper that “I didn’t expect justice. The prosecution was political to begin with because I’m Palestinian, because it’s about free speech and I’m imprisoned because I’m Palestinian.”

Ashraf Fayadh, Saudi Arabia

Ashraf Fayadh was arrested in Saudi Arabia in 2013 following an altercation with a man who reported him to the religious authorities and accused Fayadh’s poetry collection Instructions Within of promoting atheism, insulting the Prophet, and casting doubt on the Quran. There were concerns that Fayadh was unfairly prosecuted because he is a stateless Palestinian refugee without Saudi Arabian identification documents. In November of 2015, the court sentenced him to death by beheading on the charge of apostasy, but a last minute appeal mitigated the death sentence to a harsh eight years in prison and 800 lashes.

Mohammed Al-Ajami, Qatar

In 2011 the Qatari state security accused two of Mohammed Al-Ajami’s poems of “inciting the overthrow of the ruling regime” and “criticizing the Emir.” He was sentenced to life imprisonment during a secret trial. After almost 5 years in prison, al-Ajami was granted a royal pardon and was released from prison.

How Do I Become One of Those Writers Who Remember Everything?

The Blunt Instrument is an advice column for writers. If you need tough advice for a writing problem, send your question to blunt@electricliterature.com.

Dear Blunt Instrument,

I’m 24 and my memory stinks!

Besides being a social burden I’m finding it to be a problem in my reading and writing. Facts/lines of poems/details of plot smear in my head, and often I find myself left with impressions of texts that are far too vague for me to build opinion around. Reading non-fiction or heavily referential fiction feels near pointless as things go in one ear and out the other. Marginalia helps, but I get most of my books from the public library and I don’t wanna be a defacer.

And all this wouldn’t be all that horrible if it also didn’t also affect my writing. I find myself often losing the goal of a paragraph in the middle of it, dawdling. It seems as if the writers I admire — Teju Cole, James Joyce, William H. Gass — all have this ability to recall detail (both read and lived) that, more and more, I feel I lack. And it wasn’t always like this, I swear. (I had a concussion just over a year ago, so for a bit I was worried it might be that. But after a couple neurology appointments and some CT scans this was, seemingly, proved not to be the case.)

Have you/people you know experienced this and defeated it? Are my fears misplaced or disproportionate? Is there some kind of training? How do you read to remember?

Sincerely,

Foggy Noodle

Dear Foggy,

The answer is yes, there is training. There is training for almost everything! I think we often assume that other people’s learned skills must be innate talents. I know a lot about perfume and a fair amount about wine, so people are always saying to me, Your sense of smell/taste must be really good. And they are, kind of, but I wasn’t born with some kind of sensory superpower; I was interested in smells and tastes, so I started paying attention, then looked for corroboration of what I noticed. By smelling a lot, and reading about smells, you can learn to have a good nose, and I think you can learn to have a better memory.

The first thing you need to do is stop relying on your brain alone for retention. You must become an obsessive note-taker. Buy small notebooks — find a kind you like, so it’s a bit of a treat — and carry one with you everywhere. Read Joan Didion or Susan Sontag (or me!) on the art of note-taking, and take up the habit. You don’t have to remember everything if you write everything down. The act of writing is a memory aid on its own. Then find a schedule for revisiting your notes, for rereading your notebooks. Reading what you’ve written reinforces the memory — it’s like studying a cribsheet. If you do this regularly, even passing thoughts have a better chance of solidifying in your consciousness and becoming real memories.

The first thing you need to do is stop relying on your brain alone for retention. You must become an obsessive note-taker.

In the past few years, I’ve started taking extensive notes not just from life but from my books. When I own a book I dog-ear and write all over it — it’s almost like I can’t focus on reading if I’m not holding a pencil. But I also take my marginalia outside the book — I’ll create a document on my computer where I can type up notes from the book, both direct quotations (always note the page number) and any thoughts or impressions the book inspires. This makes it so much easier to write about it later, if you should feel moved to. Even if you don’t remember where you read some line or fact that impressed you at the time, you can search your computer for a word or phrase associated with that idea, and you’ll be able to dig it up and “remember” (thanks to your documentation!) where you found it originally. (Take notes with your future, forgetful self in mind — give yourself as much context as possible, like creating a map for buried treasure.)

The great thing about this external notes system is that you can use it for library books too. I commend you for frequenting the library (libraries are one of my great loves!), but remember that you can use library books as a testing ground. They’re free and low (or no) commitment, so check out tons of books. Instead of vandalizing them, use sticky tabs/flags. But if you find a book you really love there, and you think you’ll want to return to it and reference it in your writing, buy the book. Books are worth a lot more than they cost over time in terms of their value to you as a writer — it’s a gift to have a library at home — so make room in your budget for the expense of books. (Painters need paint to make their art; writers need books.)

You’ve said that your memory is getting worse. I know you’re only 24, but sadly I do think memory gets worse with age. I used to resent it when someone I had met before evidently could not remember my name or that we’d met; I always suspected they were faking it. But as I’ve gotten older, I’ve gone to the other side. It’s much harder for me to remember details about people I’ve met just once or twice or, god, even three times. I often forget life stuff about close friends, too, like where they went to college or what their job is or (gasp) what they named their new baby. It actually feels like my database is full. I don’t say that to scare you — I’m just saying you might as well start developing strategies now to compensate for the feeble human brain.

Memory gets worse with age. You might as well start developing strategies now to compensate for the feeble human brain.

I do want to note that when you think of yourself as having a bad memory, it may feel like an all or nothing quality, like other writers have good memories and you don’t. But outside of people like Marilu Henner, who I once heard is one of only six (?!) confirmed cases who can remember essentially everything in microscopic detail about their own lives, it’s generally more complicated. There are many kinds of memory, and most people are better at some kinds and worse at others. My husband has a knack for memorization; he can easily memorize poems and knows many Shakespeare passages by heart. I have trouble remembering even my favorite poems, and while I can memorize stuff if I have to (I’ve been in plays, for example), I forget it all once I stop practicing. But I have a much better memory for names and faces than John, even if my memory for those things is worse than it used to be.

In sum, my advice to you is, stop thinking of “good memory” as a trait you lack, and start thinking of memory as a kind of practice.

‘Bel Canto’ Treats Latin America as an Exotic Backdrop, Not a Real Place

When I first watched the trailer for Bel Canto, I asked out loud (by which I mean, I tweeted) whether anyone knew if Anne Patchett’s “unspecified South American country” had been specified for the film version. Surely, I mused, the filmmakers wouldn’t dare set this hostage narrative in a nondescript Latin American nation — not when it was so obviously based on the 1996 “Lima Crisis” that took place at the Japanese ambassador’s house in Peru. Patchett had gotten away with nodding to her real-life inspiration while leaving her novel devoid of geographical specifics; it’s all “the host country” this and “this godforsaken country” that. But in a film, where you can see the setting, surely they’d have more respect for both the audience and Peruvian history. After catching the film for myself, however, I can confirm that Chris Weitz’s adaptation is as uninterested in Peru as Patchett was. The film of Bel Canto joins the novel in a long line of U.S. cultural objects that treat South America more as a colorful and exotic (not to mention dangerous) image of a place than a real-life location.

Bel Canto imagines a scenario very much like the real Lima Crisis, a 1996 hostage situation wherein fourteen members of the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement took over the residence of the Japanese ambassador for more than 120 days, but puts a fictional opera singer at the center. Roxane Coss (played in the film by Julianne Moore, who lip syncs to recordings by Renée Fleming) has been invited to sing for Mr. Hosokawa (Ken Watanabe) on his birthday. The Japanese businessman has been lured to “the host country” with the promise of seeing the famous soprano, because the president hopes to convince him to build some factories that would jumpstart the country’s failing economy. After Coss sings her beautiful arias, a group of armed revolutionaries take over hoping to hold the President for ransom. They’re unaware that President Matsuda (an obvious nod to then-Peruvian President Fujimori, who was of Japanese descent) is not even present for the performance, having canceled his appearance at the last minute.

Bel Canto joins a long line of U.S. cultural objects that treat South America more as a colorful and exotic (not to mention dangerous) image of a place than a real-life location.

Just as in real life, all the women are released — except for Ms. Coss, who’s just too beguiling and who the revolutionaries know is their main chance at leveraging a better deal. In the weeks that follow, and as negotiations prove more and more futile, her singing proves to be the soothing balm these otherwise violent terrorists require to see the finer things in life. She helps make their months-long ordeal a kind of utopian enclave where French ambassadors cook alongside young girl guerrillas, where a Japanese translator helps set up a daily chess match, where Russian businessmen fall for the soprano (who in turn becomes enamored with Mr. Hosokawa), and where kidnappers and kidnapped learn to live amicably before real life comes crashing into them staging a climactic finale worthy of one of the operas Coss sings so beautifully.

By Patchett’s own admission, her interest in the Lima Crisis stemmed mostly from its operatic plotline. Apart from the obvious source material, there’s nothing about Bel Canto that requires it to be set in Peru. Give or take a few cultural markers, the book could’ve taken place anywhere. All of the action takes place in the Vice President’s mansion-like house which is surrounded by a large wall that further isolates those inside. Her characters may spend a lot of time looking out the windows, but there was little they could see. “They could have been in London or Paris or New York or Tokyo,” her narrator tells us. “They could have been looking at a field of blue-tipped grass or a gridlock of traffic. They couldn’t see. No defining hints of culture or local color. They could have been any place where the weather was capable of staying bad for indeterminate amounts of time.” With such caveats baked into her prose, it was no surprise to find Patchett being candid about how, as she put it in an interview that bookends my edition of Bel Canto, the novel “is not an especially bold or insightful rendering of South America. It’s about a living room in South America.”

South American Women Authors the U.S. Has Overlooked

Both excuse and disclaimer, Patchett’s assertion doesn’t explain why her attentive renderings of Russian businessmen, Japanese translators, French ambassadors, and Dutch Red Cross volunteers stand in stark contrast with her bare-bones sketch of this “host country” and its revolutionaries. Then again, this type of broad-strokes portrait of Latin America is nothing new. Whether you’ve seen the poor sense of Colombian geography that anchors the drug kidnapping romcom Romancing the Stone, the murky politics of the kidnapping drama Proof of Life (set in the fictional “Tecala” country), the soundstage-created images of South American jungles in B-movies such as The Tiger Woman, or even sobbed your way through the brightly-colored vistas of Pixar’s Up, you’ve no doubt come across the hackneyed ideas of the region that Hollywood depends on. Everywhere south of the border (and particularly below Panama) is, in the U.S. cultural imaginary, all jungle and violence. Moreover, as even these brief but telling examples suggest, South America is a Manic Pixie Dream Continent, a mere backdrop for foreign nationals who end up finding themselves, or love, or perhaps both as in Bel Canto, while abroad.

Weitz’s adaptation muddles rather than clarifies Patchett’s nondescript location. His establishing shots may favor images of slum-ridden mountains, but at least the flag his revolutionaries fly looks like the Peruvian one. But on casting alone (and given his decision to shoot in Mexico City, inserting even a brief scene where a Red Cross worker visits the famed Mayan pyramids in its outskirts) he shows himself mostly uninterested in offering any kind of cohesive vision of any one Latin American country, as if they all could be blurred into one imagined nation. What emerges instead is a hodge-podge of a national portrait, with actors from Mexico, Guatemala, Colombia, and the U.S. filling roles from the “host country.” Their disparate dialects and accents stress (for Spanish-speakers, at least) how the film production didn’t even aim for any kind of authenticity. Father Arguedas, a priest who stays behind even after being asked to leave, is played by Bobby Daniel Rodriguez, whose mastery of Spanish is enough to fool those who just read subtitles but which clearly sounds clipped for those of us with an ear for it. Some revolutionaries, like Carmen (played by María Mercedes Coroy, so wonderful in Guatemala’s Ixcanul) clearly gesture to indigenous communities who speak little Spanish. And others still, like Comandante Benjamin (played by Mexican actor Tenoch Huerta), sound like they’re characters straight out of a Mexican telenovela — an underling of his uses the Mexican slang “güey,” a moment that had me cringing for the way it seemed both gesture to and otherwise ignore its own cultural specificity.

South America is a Manic Pixie Dream Continent, a mere backdrop for foreign nationals who end up finding themselves, or love, while abroad.

And speaking of telenovelas, that is where Patchett’s painful indifference to the country she’s decided to represent in the pages of her novel makes itself most known. The reason why President Matsuda opts to not attend the evening dinner with Ms Coss and Mr Hosokawa, we learn, is because he’s obsessed with a telenovela (the Thalía-starring vehicle Maria la del Barrio, as we’re shown in the film). In Patchett’s telling, these soaps air daily during the daytime with one weekly primetime summary episode, which is the one President Matsuda refuses to miss and which prompts him to skip out on the dinner that kickstarts the novel’s plot. It’s arguably a small (if crucial) detail, but this is very much a U.S.-centric vision of soap operas. Telenovelas, especially successful ones like Maria la del Barrio, aired nightly. (I have all-too-vivid memories of teenage tantrums I staged when it became obvious I wouldn’t make it back in time for my prime time soaps on any given weekday.)

Like every other attempt at using South American culture to color this story, Bel Canto cannot help but see its chosen setting as anything more than window dressing. What better way to account for a president’s vanity than have him be obsessed with telenovelas? What easier way to show oneself oblivious to their own cultural production than think telenovelas are strictly a daytime activity? This “host country” remains just a sketch beyond the windows of Patchett’s imagined living room. It’s a beautiful painted backdrop as broad and colorful as the kind that would adorn an opera stage.

Electric Literature’s ‘5 Over 35’ Prove You Don’t Have to Be a Prodigy to Publish

Yesterday the National Book Foundation announced its “5 Under 35” picks: five young debut authors worth watching. But without diminishing the accomplishments of these incredible new writers, we have to note that the tendency of media and publishing to celebrate youth can be discouraging for aspiring and emerging writers approaching (or well into, or beyond) middle age. It’s important to remember that debuts can come later in life, too; you haven’t missed your chance to write a great book just because you’re old enough to run for president. Willa Cather was 39 when her first novel debuted in serial form in McClure’s. Toni Morrison published her first novel when she was 40, and George Eliot published Middlemarch at 52. (Is it a coincidence that many women writers debut work later in life?) Ultimately, why do we put so much stock in a debut author’s age? Authors of any age who write insightful, beautiful books should be celebrated.

So in addition to the NBF’s illustrious honorees, we’re highlighting five stellar debut works published in 2018 so far, written by authors who are over 35—because there’s no right age to start writing, and being a young debut author isn’t inherently more worthy of celebration than not being young. The authors we’ve chosen here deserve a whole lot of praise for writing through a life that offers more reasons to stop writing the longer you live it. We offer this list as an honorary award for those who keep going.

All You Can Ever Know by Nicole Chung (37)

Chung’s memoir traces the storyline she grew up in. Born premature, Chung was put up for adoption by her Korean parents and raised by her white adoptive family in suburban Oregon. She dealt with prejudice her family couldn’t understand as she grew into her own identity as an Asian American writer. When her daughter was born, Chung tried to retrace her roots and untangle some of the past to braid it anew. Was the story she grew up with the whole truth? What does it mean to be family?

There There by Tommy Orange, (36)

How do you reconcile your self against an identity? For each of the characters in Orange’s novel, to be an “Indian” — an “Urban Indian” living in Oakland, California is an evolving question. Time tips toward the Oakland powwow, where Tommy, the first character we meet in the novel, is planning to commit armed robbery. What will happen when the community gathers at the Oakland powwow, and what will it mean to be “authentically Indian?” The New York Times couldn’t help but be effusive: “Yes, Tommy Orange’s New Novel Really Is That Good” they blurted out in their headline for the review. And they’re right.

Tommy Orange Gives Voice to Urban Native Americans

Eleanor Oliphant is Completely Fine by Gail Honeyman (46)

Eleanor Oliphant thinks the ingredients for a “perfect weekend” include a frozen pizza, some vodka, and a call to mom. Be sure to leave out interactions with humans, please. That is, until she and the (otherwise kind of offputting) IT guy from her office, Raymond, both stop to help an elderly man named Sammy when he takes a spill on the sidewalk. The three unlikely, antisocial friends ease into something like friendship as Raymond and Eleanor stumble into love. Reese Witherspoon loved the book so much, she’s making it into a movie.

A Lucky Man: Stories by Jamel Brinkley (42)

The phrase is worn out, but really — this is a book we need right now. Brinkley’s short story collection explores toxic masculinity as it plays out in the lives of boys and young men in Brooklyn and the South Bronx, confronting the choices, mistakes, and desires that erupt between the world as it is and as they want it to be. As one reviewer put it, these stories “find their footing on the violent edge of gender performativity and end in a reach for language to describe the incomprehensible.”

If You Know, Love, or Are a Black Man, Jamel Brinkley‘s Stories Will Feel Like Home

Summer Cannibals by Melanie Hobson (50)

Hobson’s book is an intense family drama, following three adult sisters who confront family tensions and secrets on a trip to their childhood home. It’s a sort of northern Southern Gothic, heavy on the psychosexual baggage; it will not make you feel good about marriage or family, but it will make you feel good about the possibility of publishing a first novel even though you’re old enough to be into Patti Smith. (Please do not email, we know you can be into Patti Smith at any age.)