14 Authors on the Life-Changing Impact of the NEA

The President has finally released his budget proposal, and the news is not good for artists, museums, schools, or cultural institutions. As it currently stands, the plan would completely eliminate the National Endowment for the Arts and the National Endowment for the Humanities, bringing over fifty years of federal arts support to an abrupt end. Combined, the two programs’ budgets amount to less than $300 million, a fraction of the government’s $1.1 trillion in discretionary spending and about .002% of the federal budget. That money plays an outsized role in the nation’s culture and in the lives of Americans of all stripes. The NEA and NEH directly support artists, writers, magazines (like Electric Literature), libraries, local television stations, radio programs, therapy for military veterans, classes for underserved students, concerts, plays, exhibits and thousands of other projects; federal grants also motivate states and civil society organizations to provide even more funding. On signing the bill that created the programs, President Lyndon B. Johnson spoke of their value: “Art is a nation’s most precious heritage. For it is in our works of art that we reveal to ourselves and to others the inner vision which guides us as a nation. And where there is no vision, the people perish.”

Some of the most celebrated authors in American letters have written with the help of NEA grants, from Alice Walker and Norman Rush to Sherman Alexie and Joyce Carol Oates. In the days since the President’s proposed budget was first released, we reached out to 14 authors who have received NEA grants and asked them what getting one meant for their writing and what programs like the NEA and NEH mean to our country’s culture.

Jess Row, Jennifer Haigh, Porochista Khakpour and John Domini

Jess Row, author of Your Face is Mine, Nobody Ever Gets Lost, and others

I received an NEA fellowship in 2003, and it allowed me to take leave from my (full-time) teaching job to write in the winter of 2005. That was the first time I’d ever received a grant to be a writer — to make writing my only occupation, for that short period. Though it wasn’t an enormous amount of money, it felt like a huge endorsement of my work. And often that’s the way it works with writers and other artists: the NEA grant arrives at the moment when you’ve begun a career but no one has heard of you yet. It’s a potent form of cultural capital, a calling card that helps you get jobs, readings, the attention of agents or publishers, and/or (if you’re lucky enough to teach full time) some breathing room away from the pressures of academic life.

What the NEA fellowship isn’t — this is a vital distinction — is a way to make a living. Writers and artists in other so-called “developed” countries, like Canada, can apply for government fellowships that actually support them, year after year. We don’t have anything like that in the US; what we have instead is a flourishing culture of creative writing in the academy. We don’t have a cultural consensus around the idea that artists should be encouraged just to be artists, and that the government should support them as a public good, a necessity. Instead, we have a nonprofit arts sector and a tiny government agency, the NEA, that do great things for artists, but in a marginal way that doesn’t make up for the robust government support we need and deserve.

Because American conservatives imagine freedom as a negative space — a wasteland where all traces of social cohesion or society, period, have been blasted away, like the desert setting of the Mad Max movies — nothing drives them crazier than the NEA. The NEA to them is like the National Parks where they’re not allowed to ride snowmobiles. Its vulnerability, its marginality, its mere suggestion that another system of value exists, makes it a perfect target, as it has been since the Reagan years. It’s been under threat so many times that sometimes I feel the Republicans will never actually move to dismantle it because they need it so badly as a target.

But I want to say something else, too: this conversation about the need to protect the NEA as it currently exists is important, but more important, to me, is to say that the NEA is not enough. We deserve better than this. American writers and artists deserve dependable, sustainable, career-long government support, and we deserve, like all Americans, affordable healthcare and housing, and the social safety net that makes it possible to do the work we do. We need to be speaking out for a progressive agenda that will make today’s NEA look like the band-aid it is.

“We deserve better than this. American writers and artists deserve dependable, sustainable, career-long government support, and we deserve, like all Americans, affordable healthcare and housing, and the social safety net that makes it possible to do the work we do..” — Jess Row

Jennifer Haigh, author of Heat & Light, News from Heaven, and others

My NEA grant bought me time to finish writing my fifth book, News From Heaven, a collection of short stories I’d been chipping away at for seven years. The support was more than monetary; it gave me the encouragement I needed in the final stretch of a project that the publishing industry wasn’t exactly clamoring for: stories from a dying town whose people had lost their livelihoods and identities when the coal mines closed. The truth is that writing literature is almost never profitable, but an occasional grant can sometimes make it possible. I hate to think of all the books that will never be finished if the NEA disappears.

“The truth is that writing literature is almost never profitable, but an occasional grant can sometimes make it possible.” — Jennifer Haigh

Porochista Khakpour, author of The Last Illusion and others

I was an NEA fellow in 2012 (meaning I applied in 2011). At the time I had just taken a job at a university that was for-profit and I knew I could not endure another minute of the unethical operation. I had a second novel that was done, but try as we could, my agent and I could not get it sold. I had a few other problems but didn’t know it — a fiancé that would be no longer soon and mysterious health problems that ended up actually being a very pernicious Lyme Disease case. I was 33 and in bad shape. I applied to NEA for the first time thinking it would just be practice for all the many more times I would be applying. I gave it my all, especially because I wanted to see what happened when we submitted a chapter of this second novel that was getting rejected everywhere. Well, about six months later I was on a fellowship in Germany, struggling in all sorts of new ways, and I found out I had received this amazing award. (I was actually on a weekend away in a bar in nearby Prague, drinking very heartily, when I got some frantic calls on a borrowed flip phone, from my agent. I couldn’t understand what it was all about — something about the government needing me?! — and I was certain I had done something wrong. I nearly spit out my svařák when I realized it apparently was one of those rare times I did something right!)

And in a year, the second novel sold (record time for this particular book that had already been circulating for a year and a half)! I’m almost certain it was because of the NEA — I suspect it gave my publishers courage to take on a very unusual and risky book. But before that happened I became very seriously ill for many months. Again, no one knew for sure what was happening until they finally found out it was Lyme. I was bedridden and had no health insurance and no job — and suddenly no way to work on a book as I’d lost most my ability to read and write at that point. I can truly say the NEA actually saved my life. I know we say that about art all the time — and I do believe art does have the power to save us. But here, it actually saved me in a non-art way too. It paid for all sorts of doctors and visits to doctors (I couldn’t drive) and it ultimately paid for many experimental treatments. If I didn’t have that award I don’t know if I’d be alive today. It was that chunk of money that got me better faster so I could return to my book, sell it, work on it, and move back to New York City where all sorts of other work was.

So many hardships come to those who choose a life of art — or rather art chooses them — and we often forget health and wellness is part of that story. The NEA not only gave me the confidence to believe in my second book when it felt like no one else did, but it also gave me the confidence to believe I could stay alive. I can’t imagine another gift like that in the world. I still somehow refuse to believe we will lose the NEA — at least not for good — because, to be very honest, I can’t imagine a world without it. How do you simply part with something that you owe your entire life to?

“The NEA not only gave me the confidence to believe in my second book when it felt like no one else did, but it also gave me the confidence to believe I could stay alive.” — Porochista Khakpour

John Domini, author of the story collections Bedlam and Highway Trade and the novel Talking Heads: 77 and others

My own NEA Fellowship came during the first decade after it was set up. so the amount was smaller — but then again, given cost of living, not much smaller. I set up payout in two lump sums, and for maybe 20 years after the first one arrived, it remained the biggest single check I’d ever received. Pretty cool, I guess, but what did it mean for my recently-fledged artistic soul? From my current perspective, torn and frayed, I can see that having an NEA firmed up my spine a bit. It provided what we’d now call “validation,” an attaboy with some authority behind it. I’m not so immune to what others think that this didn’t matter, or go on mattering; I enjoyed the same as recently as last fall, when the NEA came up in interviews for my latest book. Yet while such pickmeups are nice, I think now that Fellowship left me with a more durable nugget of, of wisdom or whatever. I believe that the two summers “off” the NEA paid for set up patterns I’ve known ever since that I needed to sustain: the daily commitment to dreaming and carpentry. I remember that during a roundtable discussion in Boston c. 1982 (at an early AWP), I heard John Leonard speak as one of those who helped design the Fellowship. Frowning and raising a fist, he defended a simple but essential core purpose: “We help artists buy time for their work. Nothing matters more for an Arts Endowment.”

“I heard John Leonard speak as one of those who helped design the Fellowship. Frowning and raising a fist, he defended a simple but essential core purpose: ‘We help artists buy time for their work. Nothing matters more for an Arts Endowment.’” -John Domini

Tayari Jones, Kaitlyn Greenidge, Clare Beams, and Paul La Farge

Tayari Jones, author of Silver Sparrow, The Untelling, and other books

The NEA’s contribution extends much farther than the $25K individual artist grants. Next time you go to a reading, participate in a conference, or attend a book festival — take a look at the program. In the corner you will likely spot the unassuming logo of the NEA. Without the support of the NEA the art we make would have a much harder time reaching the people for whom we make this art.

My novel, Silver Sparrow, is part of the NEA Big Read library. Through this program, books are given to school kids, seniors, inmates, and just everyday citizens. Recently, my book was handed out at a food pantry and then everyone was invited back for a book club discussion. Honestly, it was the most meaningful experience I have had as an author and it was all made possible by the National Endowment for the Arts.

“Recently, my book was handed out at a food pantry and then everyone was invited back for a book club discussion.” — Tayari Jones

Kaitlyn Greenidge, author of We Love You, Charlie Freeman

I was born middle-class but within seven years, we slipped below the poverty line. Before I was 21, I’d been evicted and moved more times than I could count. When bill collectors called our house, when benefits workers called my mom, sometimes they’d ask her why’d she have so many kids, if she knew she was going to be poor (for the record, there were three of us). When you grow up poor, you develop an instinctive distrust of bureaucracy, of forms, of government oversight. Usually because these programs are designed to be as difficult to understand as possible, designed to ensure you are slightly humiliated a bit more each time you interact with those entities, until you feel you can’t go back. You develop a form of poverty PTSD, a dread of forms, of constantly having to prove how unworthy you are. For this reason, I was wary of applying for the NEA — conceptually, I knew this was one of the few government agencies that was designed for something different, not for bland cruelty but for actual uplift. But those forms. But those having to justify who and what you were. But the NEA is a version of government that I was raised to believe in, even as I interacted with its punitive underside. The idea of government that believes something’s utility and necessity exists outside of some measurable outcome. The idea of a government that wants to hear as much as it can from its citizens, through their songs and dances and plays and stories. I don’t know if that government still exists. I think, if the NEA goes, we’ll have to recreate it ourselves.

“[T]he NEA is a version of government that I was raised to believe in, even as I interacted with its punitive underside. The idea of government that believes something’s utility and necessity exists outside of some measurable outcome.” — Kaitlyn Greenidge

Clare Beams, author of We Show What We Have Learned

The NEA directly changed my life — or the writer part of it, anyway. My book (We Show What We Have Learned) would not exist without it. This is true because the NEA contributes to funding my publisher, the marvelous Lookout Books, and because it funded the time I used to write and revise many of the stories that became We Show What We Have Learned. The phone call in 2013 telling me about my grant came just as it was becoming clear that the novel I’d spent eight years writing was not going to sell. I had an eight-month old, and we had just moved to a new city where I knew almost no one; I think I would have kept writing without that phone call, but I can’t be entirely sure. I didn’t know where I was going to find another eight years to try again. Making art is a long road, and the opportunities for encouragement along the way — while you’re in that subterranean mid-process land where all the work occurs, all the many hours that eventually produce the book, or play, or piece of music — are rare. It can be a frightening place, that land. It’s very very possible to get lost there. The NEA lit everything up for me. It’s done that for so many writers over the years. (There’s a full list of them here, searchable by year or name.) When I look at the list of those writers’ names, I think about what the world would be like without their books — because for some of them too, I’m sure, that light came at just the critical, fragile moment when everything might have turned a different way — and without the acknowledgment of and support for what art adds to our lives in general. I know I wouldn’t recognize that world.

“The NEA lit everything up for me.” — Clare Beams

Paul La Farge, author of The Night Ocean and others

I applied for an NEA literature grant to work on my novel The Night Ocean, all the way back in 2011, and I was eating lunch at the Village Diner in Red Hook, NY, the town where I live, when I got a call from Washington D.C., informing me that I’d got the grant. It was the best thing that happened to me that year. I used part of the NEA to travel to Florida and Mexico City, to see the places where my story took place, which is an amazing thing to do — you learn much more by actually going to a place than you ever could by looking it up on the Internet. When I was ready to write the book, I used the rest of the grant to take four months off from teaching. I’ve rarely worked so hard; I wrote about half of The Night Ocean during that time. I don’t know how the book would ever have got done without the NEA. Either it would have taken years more than it did, or I wouldn’t have been able to write it the way it needed to be written.

“I don’t know how the book would ever have got done without the NEA. Either it would have taken years more than it did, or I wouldn’t have been able to write it the way it needed to be written.” — Paul La Farge

Imagine American Literature Without Immigrants

Patricia Engel, R.O. Kwon, and Richard Thomas

Patricia Engel, author of The Veins of the Ocean, Vida, and other books

I received a fellowship from the NEA in 2014 to support the research and completion of my novel, The Veins of the Ocean. As a result of the NEA fellowship, I was able to make several research trips without which the novel would have turned out very different. To know the NEA had invested in my work was an enormous source of confidence and solace in the otherwise very lonely journey of writing of a book. I felt comforted by their support, and this inspired and invigorated me as I neared completion. I am filled with gratitude to the NEA, and when I served as a judge for the 2016 fellowship cycle, I learned firsthand how much care and work the NEA devotes to the selection of its fellows and how much it believes in each recipient’s potential. The NEA is a bright spot in an artist’s undoubtedly uncertain future. Countless among my favorite books were written with the support of the NEA. Without the organization, the arts and culture of this country will suffer and, in turn, our literary and artistic landscape will become a much bleaker and darker place.

“The NEA is a bright spot in an artist’s undoubtedly uncertain future.” — Patricia Engel

R.O. Kwon, author of the forthcoming novel, Heroics

One night, I opened a short email from the NEA: I hadn’t been answering my phone, it said, and when would be a good time to talk? My body responded first. I found I was jumping before I could think, I might have an NEA. I wasn’t sure, though. Maybe they’d called just to let me know I’d made a terrible mistake on my application, and could I please save everyone’s time by never applying again? I lay awake through the night, afraid to be too excited.

When morning came, the news was wonderful: I was going to be a 2016 NEA fellow in literature. I’d been working on a novel for over eight years. I was so tired, and the grant provided encouragement I badly needed — how beautiful, to think that my country was giving me money to write. Within a few months, I’d at last finished and sold my book. The NEA provided vital help, and I’m so thankful. Hope runs a bit low these days, but I hope I wasn’t in one of the last classes of fellows. I’ve been calling Congress; art-makers, art-lovers, I hope you are, too.

“Hope runs a bit low these days…I’ve been calling Congress; art-makers, art-lovers, I hope you are, too.” — R.O. Kwon

Richard Thomas, author of Disintegration, Breaker, and other books

A few years ago I received a small grant from the NEA for my work on a group project here in Chicago, at Flying House. I was paired with another artist, Christina Loraine, and we collaborated on a creative endeavor — her painting with my words to showcase an interactive performance piece. It was very exciting.

What made the NEA grant so important was that it made me feel legitimate. I felt I was being recognized by an organization that had a lot of power and influence, a group I have respected and admired for a very long time. I was now part of a larger narrative, a group of artists that have influenced me, and my work.

Quite often when we write, we do it alone — in an office, or a classroom, or at home. We build worlds out of air, spill out blood on the pages, and share intimacies and truths, in an effort to relate, to entertain, to inspire. Sure, we have support systems — family, friends, peers — but any kind of attention from the NEA, well, that was something that meant a lot to me, something I held onto when sending out stories, piling up rejections, when I struggled to write or find an idea, or the right words. Much like my first professional sale — or any acceptance really, along with the nominations and awards that have come now and then over the years — the grant from the NEA gave me confidence to keep writing, to believe in what I was doing, and the money — that was just another level of respect, something that helped me feel real, alive, and successful.

When I think about the prospect of the NEA going away, it carves a bit of my heart out of my chest, leaving a void, the wrong direction for this country. It is a cold decision lacking in empathy and compassion, an illogical choice, one of many in a series of bad decisions. We are so much better than this, and the voices that rise up to condemn these actions, they will only get louder. Mine included.

“I was now part of a larger narrative, a group of artists that have influenced me, and my work.” — Richard Thomas

Kelly Link and Catherine Chung

Kelly Link, author of Get In Trouble, Magic for Beginners and others

In 2005, I opened a letter telling me that I was going to be given an NEA grant in fiction for the year 2006. What an astonishing thing, to have it in print that a group of fellow writers, reading for the National Endowment for the Arts, thought that the kind of stories that I wanted to write were worth pursuing. How useful that money was! But how much better, even, to serve on the NEA panel three years later, in 2009, and be given the opportunity to read (anonymously) samples of other writers’ novels and stories. How much better even than that letter to sit with the rest of the panel, in a room in Washington, D.C., and discuss the work that we’d all been reading. We talked through the day (and I pumped milk in a storage room). We discussed the work that we’d read with great seriousness, with camaraderie, and also with gratitude, because it means something to serve on a jury of peers, and to see diverse and thoughtful and challenging and difficult work given the necessary support, space, and time that a grant provides. The kind of work made possible by such grants — and such an organization — enlarges and expands the boundaries of the country in which we live. The kinds of stories that we tell ourselves about ourselves matter. The work that the NEA does matters. The cost is small and the scope of its success is so very extraordinary.

“The kind of work made possible by such grants — and such an organization — enlarges and expands the boundaries of the country in which we live.” — Kelly Link

Catherine Chung, author of Forgotten Country

There’s a lot I could say about how my literature grant from the National Endowment of the Arts benefitted me personally: I was able to take several months off from my teaching job to write the pages that would allow me to sell my second novel, and was able to travel to libraries and universities in Germany to research the things I needed to know in order to write that novel, to say nothing of the boost I received in terms of morale and the prestige connected to such an award. And six years before receiving that grant, it was the National Endowment for the Arts that funded my fellowship to the MacDowell Colony, where I would finish my first book and meet other writers and artists who would come to form my tribe.

But far more valuable than any personal or professional benefit I’ve received from the NEA (which to be clear, was substantial and life-changing) is the larger social benefit we receive from its existence. It was created by Lyndon B. Johnson in 1965 to function “purely as an escalation of the spirit,” and over the years it has allowed our government to support (among others) thousands of writers and musicians and painters and arts organizations. It has done so in the belief that individual expression is part of our heritage, and can bring us together as a country made up of human spirits. The very existence of the National Endowment for the Arts has been encouragement to me as an artist and as an American, and most importantly as a member of a larger community who has been moved and changed by both its mission and the art that has been created with its support. It affirms that sharing our dreams and stories — with all our myriad backgrounds and experiences — is worth honoring, and can indeed expand and elevate our lives, our very spirits. What a thing it would be for us to give that up. What a thing to lose.

“It affirms that sharing our dreams and stories — with all our myriad backgrounds and experiences — is worth honoring, and can indeed expand and elevate our lives, our very spirits.” — Catherine Chung

Emily Raboteau and Jennifer Croft

Jennifer Croft, writer, translator and editor

When I received the call from the NEA letting me know I’d been awarded a Literary Translation grant, my pen was poised over a contract to translate a massive work of mediocre criticism that I desperately did not want to sign. It would have taken me a year, and away from all the exciting projects I did want to work on, but I was pressed for money and didn’t really see any other option.

In my anxiety I initially mistook the NEA for telemarketers, gruffly requesting they call back some other time, but once that was cleared up, I rushed to recycle the page on which that contract had been printed and began translating Olga Tokarczuk’s brilliant novel Flights. I was also able to start work on my own novel, Homesick (first written in Spanish as Serpientes y escaleras), and to start saying no to the smaller academic translations I had been doing of necessity so I could pursue only the translations I was passionate about, like Romina Paula’s August, which will be released in a couple of weeks by The Feminist Press at CUNY.

It wasn’t just the money — the exposure provided by the NEA grant put me in touch with some amazing publishers for my various projects, and the following year I served as a judge for the Literary Translation grants, which connected me with even more fantastic literary folk. And everyone at the NEA was so consistently helpful and delightful that I truly can’t imagine where I would be now without their support. Receiving a grant from the NEA completely changed my life, as it has done for so many others, bringing essential art from all different (and many underrepresented) backgrounds to a wide audience. We cannot let it disappear.

“Receiving a grant from the NEA completely changed my life, as it has done for so many others, bringing essential art from all different (and many underrepresented) backgrounds to a wide audience.” — Jennifer Croft

Emily Raboteau, author of The Professor’s Daughter and Searching for Zion

Adding to what’s been articulated about the big impact of the NEA Literature Fellowship upon the individual careers of the authors represented on this page (and the greed underlying its possible repeal), I want to note that unlike many other prestigious literary awards that subsidize creative writers in the U.S., this one is judged blind. The names of the applicants are not permitted on the applications. The applications are disqualified if the authors identify themselves. As a former NEA recipient (2006) and judge (2015), I appreciate that the grant is solely based on the merit of the work submitted, rather than on favoritism, name-recognition, connections or Old Boy networks. This makes the process fittingly meritocratic for a program funded by a federal democracy. The work it supports is designed to be representative of our nation’s exceptional diversity of experience. The National Endowment for the Arts has arguably been more progressive about representation than the publishing industry. For writers — particularly those on the fringe of dominant society — not to have this opportunity will be a low-blow. It will also be unfortunate for readers who might have been entertained, influenced, or sustained by the work produced. I hate to think of the books that won’t be written because of such defunding, but it’s interesting to imagine the books that will in some way address the stupidity behind it.

The National Endowment for the Arts has arguably been more progressive about representation than the publishing industry.

Death and Starlight in Chile’s Atacama Desert

Patricio Guzmán’s documentary Nostalgia for the Light (2010) paints a stunning portrait of Chile’s Atacama Desert — from its otherworldly, international preeminence as a site for beholding the stars, to the scarred traces still present in the arid land of horrific acts committed under the Pinochet dictatorship.

The film opens with a disorienting sequence, of an ancient, creaking telescope coming to life, until at last it is ready to turn its lens onto the far more dazzling cosmos. The old telescope represents a more innocent era, before Pinochet’s regime and the subsequent mass disappearances that swept Chile. But to Guzmán, this telescope also stands as a reminder of his country’s rapidly disappearing historical memory, a memory that’s become ever more creaky and confined to the outliers of society — in this case, to those who continue to wander the desert, the sole bearers of witness to the past, working to preserve their dead.

Still from ‘Nostalgia for the Light’

In the Atacama, the technological effort accompanying the astronomer’s devotion to the past — their primary source of information, as the light reaching us from distant objects comes after hundreds, thousands, millions of years have passed — is set throughout the film against the more painful and painstaking efforts of the various women still searching the desert for the remains of family who were disappeared in the 1970s. The shiny modern machines opening their lenses to the sky rise out of the same land that’s host to the ruins of concentration camps and the bodies of the missing.

Guzmán shows us a woman, in the last light, bending down in the hope of finding little more than a shard of human bone that might once have belonged to her husband. This scene occurs not far off from one in which we see a group of astronomers sitting behind their computer screens, excitedly explaining how the calcium in our bones can be traced all the way back to the Big Bang. In this quiet juxtaposition, Guzmán delivers a potent message on the kinds of quests society willingly tolerates, preferring the scientific searches of the deep and distant past over that more painful effort to preserve those recently forgotten and shunned.

The woman, Violeta, goes on to articulate a wish that these astronomers might for once point their telescopes into the ground, to “see through the earth” and hunt for the dead, just as they do among the lifespans of stars. There are others, too, who walk the desert looking for tiny rock drawings preserved in the salty desiccated landscape from thousands of years in the past. Above the Atacama stars die and nebulae form, while inside it so much evidence of human strife remains untouched. Archeology and astronomy in the film are presented as synonymous efforts: as Guzmán’s awing eye takes us to the most brilliant reaches of outer space, he also lovingly and hauntingly returns us to a set of petrified feet in the dust.

The force of his documentary is in its willingness to equate the universe of personal loss with that of our cosmic longing for answers about where we come from, who we are. The faded faces of the disappeared adorning a glittering sunlit wall become as momentous as the twinkling stars above, from which we receive messages of our collective origin as a species.

Guzmán’s investment in the past is also deeply personal, and his nostalgia, as often is the case, conjures up memories of his childhood. The dust falling through his family home at the very beginning of the film blurs into the cosmic dust that swirls in space.

His childhood, Guzmán suggests, is also synonymous with his country’s, a time when wonder could flourish, when looking in awe at the cosmos did not have a parallel to searching in the desert for those who’d been murdered. But there is also that which we don’t remember, the childhood of our existence which originated with the Big Bang, that first explosion of light to which we owe the calcium in our bones, among everything else.

Close to the end Guzmán reflects, in voiceover, on seeing for the first time the skeleton of a whale in a museum, and believing that the skeleton could serve as the roof of a home for other whales to reside in. We too live beneath the roof of thousands of long-dead celestial bodies. And yet, beneath that brilliant canopy, as the director so hauntingly portrays, we have not yet given sufficient attention to the past and its damages which continue to live with us, equal in part to that in us which is made of stars.

Hannah Lillith Assadi received her MFA in fiction from the Columbia University School of the Arts. She was raised in Arizona and now lives in Brooklyn. Her debut novel, Sonora, is out this month from Soho Press.

Through the Desert Fog

The Bard of Black American Loneliness

To read the poetry of Morgan Parker is to meet a voice brash with intelligent humor and sadness, both youthful and wise, analytical and lush. It’s a voice that assembles a worldview equal parts museum art and pop culture. It likes its wine but is weary of social injustice, and it finds a swagger in observing the everyday tragic.

Parker’s debut Other People’s Comfort Keeps Me Up At Night was selected by Eileen Myles for the Gatewood Prize in 2013. Her new collection, There Are More Beautiful Things Than Beyoncé (Tin House Books, 2017), is a high-concept meditation on the tensions between individual agency and systematic inequality, the weight of history and the ever-visibility of the Digital Age, beauty and black America and performance. Recently, Parker took a break from “slowly answering a billion emails and coming up with bad tattoo ideas” to discuss space on the page, why she doesn’t have time for gimmicks, and carving life cycles into a collection.

O’Neill: There’s a line in “The President’s Wife” that goes, “Is lonely cultural.” I think many of the poems in the collection gesture toward that question. Could you talk about that? Also I’m wondering if there is any truth in the inverse, that countercultures offer a model of radical sociality. Is it more complicated than that?

Parker: Dang, ok. So, I think it’s probably both, like, we need countercultures to help us feel like we belong to something, and I guess I’m talking specifically about POC or marginalized folk because black American loneliness feels like a particular type or at least, for myself, I’ve been trying to understand the connections between the history of black women in America, the weight of it, and my own neuroses, deep sadnesses. My number one thing in therapy is loneliness, followed closely by America, so I guess a lot of the book is trying to get at that connection.

America has systematically placed loneliness on us, like, we’ve been separated from our families, pitted against each other, etc. We’ve been divorced from a sense of belonging or home. Weird example but you know how in High Fidelity dude is like, was I sad because I listened to pop music or did I listen to pop music because I was sad?

O’Neill: Yes.

Parker: My thesis question is something like that, what came first, what belongs to me versus what I’ve internalized and was placed on me

O’Neill: That comes through really beautifully throughout, but I’m struck by a poem toward the end. “The Book of Revelation” ends, “She says peace is something/ people tell themselves.” There’s a restlessness to the speaker(s) of this collection, and I’m wondering if we’re meant to read this lyric ‘I’ as one speaker, first off, and second, if so, is peace what the telling of these poems constitutes or gestures towards?

Parker: Well, peace is the goal. The speaker(s) are ISO peace, but also skeptical that it even exists. That question of if the speaker is one or many… I think the answer is both? Obvi I wrote all the poems but each speaker’s in a different state of mind/challenging specific and different sources, and I guess part of the project of the book was trying on all of those voices and inhabiting all of them as truth because people are complex! I feel like I’m minimum 17 people throughout the course of one day. Lol is my book leaves of grass?

O’Neill: Yeah, I’d peg you as a cooler Walt. Also, I love the moments where the speaker(s) reflects on her self. Many times reading the collection I was struck by moments of swaggering melancholy or maybe melancholic swagger in your lines, which was really seductive to me. The speaker(s) carries sadness, certainly, but there is also this big, magnetic personality that seems a little bit aware that she kills.

Parker: Yup. It’s like the tragic heroine, I guess, how miserable it can be to hold greatness and to have your greatness continually obscured and doubted.

O’Neill: The speaker(s) of your poems returns repeatedly to the sense that she is not sufficiently woman.

Parker: There’s a thread in the book that wants to ask what femininity is and again, who gets to define it, standards of beauty, etc. I mean, the impetus for some of the first poems in the book was just looking at Beyoncé, so of course there’s this meditation on beauty, on what’s expected and accepted, which also has to do with traditional ideas of femininity, desirability. Man, they ask so much of us.

“There’s this meditation on beauty, on what’s expected and accepted, which also has to do with traditional ideas of femininity, desirability. Man, they ask so much of us.”

O’Neill: Truth. In a weird way, I think this comes out most in “Beyoncé Prepares a Will.” There’s a sense that even when she’s dead — which, first off, the unimaginability of it to some people is pretty indicative of how she’s become a symbol beyond human — she’s going to have this image to uphold. I shouldn’t say that’s where it emerges the most. But it is evoked.

Parker: For sure! And it goes the other way too, like before, during, and after life, she doesn’t have ownership over her own body or narrative. I guess that’s one thing Beyoncé and I have in common.

O’Neill: Oh I think you guys have more in common. You’re both very strong and stylish and moving. You have a much stronger voice, though. The Bey Hive is going to come after me. Whatever. I love Beyoncé. Onward.

Parker: Lol my thoughts exactly.

Magical Negro #607: Gladys Knight on the 200th Episode of The Jeffersons

O’Neill: Going back to that question of control over the narrative, I also think about the way you use money as a trope in the collection. In Hottentot Venus, you write, “No one worries about me/ because I am getting paid.” In “Welcome to the Jungle,” you write, “art is nice but the question is how are you/ making money are you for sale.” There seems to be a logic there: you are still paying even when you earn. If that makes any sense. And I’m not just talking about in the marketplace.

Parker: Yup.

O’Neill: Although when aren’t we?

Parker: For sure! You’re buying and being bought at the exact same time, and money is supposed to be this kind of salve or apology, but it’s empty.

O’Neill: Speaking of empty, you beautifully spatialize silence in “The President Has Never Said the Word Black,” so that what is not said becomes a physical gap on the page; you really make us attend to elision, using the page to make visible what’s become naturalized or uninterrogated. Can you talk about how you use spatial techniques in other poems like “Lush Life,” “13 Ways of Looking at a Black Girl,” “The Book of Negroes,” “Rebirth of Slick,” and “Beyoncé On The Line For Gaga”? Shit. That’s a lot. Maybe you could just discuss more generally.

Parker: This is the best thing about poems. They get to be visual and flexible in a way prose can’t. The way I use space in “The President Has Never Said The Word Black” is different than how I usually do, but in general, poetry is about reading between the lines, reading what isn’t there as much as what is.

O’Neill: You used to work in the world of visual art and flag “We Don’t Know When We Were Opened (Or, The Origin of the Universe)” as after Mickalene Thomas, the painter. Obviously, I already brought up “Hottentot Venus,” which is also an allusion to visual art. How do you see your work in conversation with other artistic media?

Parker: It’s also visual.

O’Neill: Oh wait sorry did I go too fast? Eager fucking beaver over here.

Parker: No! Was just about to say it’s visual. We on the same page, like, “13 Ways of Looking at a Black Girl” feels almost like a piece of visual art more than a poem. If I were a painter I would make it a painting somehow. But I ain’t, lol. The visual arts are super important to me, huge inspiration for so many of the poems. I also wanted the book to be visual, if that makes sense: the imagery, the setting, the clothes, the hair, the vision. And it was important for the book to be in conversation with not only literature but music, visual artists, etc.

O’Neill: You mention jazz.

Parker: I loooove jazz because I am a grandpa.

O’Neill: And yet, you also thread throughout the collection a very contemporary and complicated relationship between humans and machines. There’s discussion of white emoticons. In another poem, the speaker describes herself as a screen. Then, in “Beyoncé, Touring in Asia, Breaks Down in a White Tee,” there’s that line: “honey we need the machines to live.” Can you talk a little bit about that?

Parker: Yeah, I never really think about that, but it’s true — I think it’s because I’m meditating so much on how we’re perceived, what our bodies are, how we see ourselves, and that’s very wrapped up in technology in 2016. 2017? Whatever, rn. Technology teaches us about ourselves and also distances us from ourselves. It’s how we communicate and it also replaces language. That sounds kind of basic, but it felt important to touch on, in terms of authenticity, performance, presentation

O’Neill: I don’t think it’s basic. “It’s how we communicate and it also replaces language” is a way I wouldn’t have thought to think of it. I have a couple of more general questions, but first I want to ask: what do people miss in your work or misinterpret?

Parker: Hmmm. I worry about the work being labeled superficial, because of its use of pop. I worry about it being labeled unserious, because I like telling jokes. Of course, assuming that it’s anti-Beyoncé, or even particularly pro-Beyoncé, is false

O’Neill: I see it as very serious and in dialogue with a lot of the excellent writing that deals with the semiotics of pop culture.

Parker: I agree that pop culture is incredibly pertinent and scholarly. I do think it’s easy — especially because I’m a young black women — for people to write my poems off as fluff, or opportunistic, or gimmicky. Frankly I do not have time for gimmicks. I’m like trying to get out from under the white supremacist patriarchy.

“Frankly I do not have time for gimmicks. I’m like trying to get out from under the white supremacist patriarchy.”

O’Neill: It also seems like those critiques are premised on some very incorrect notions of what poetry is and what poetry should do.

Parker: Yuuuup. Man I am sick of talking about that.

O’Neill: Could you discuss the work of arranging poems into a collection? What were you thinking about in structuring the book?

Parker: I love ordering books. This went through very many rounds. There were so many journeys the speaker could take, and so many different poems I could use to anchor the book. In the end, I decided to loosely structure the book around life cycles.

The life cycle of Beyoncé — “Poem on Bey’s birthday” and “Beyoncé Prepares a Will” as bookends.

There’s another cycle that’s loosely about depression or loss, or maybe, the battle with the self/ the self’s history, so… “Hottentot” being up front as a kind of background/ source for the speaker of the book, and “Funeral for the Black Dog” is literally a kind of funeral for my own depression. So the book goes through a metamorphosis of self-loathing, investigating the source of that self-loathing (which includes owning but also seeing that the self isn’t the only culprit), and then resolving to regain agency.

I should be clear that I don’t expect readers to pick up on all of that, but there’s a ghost of that general trajectory in the ordering of the poems.

O’Neill: You’re an editor at Little A, as well as a poet. All writers edit their own work, of course, but I’m wondering the extent to which your editor self and writer self — if you even think of these as separate parts — interact in your writing practice.

Parker: I definitely self-edit as I’m writing, but not to the extent that everything I write is gold. I allow myself to write a lot of bad poems. That’s the writer me. The editor me comes in around draft three, or after a significant amount of time. I also learn a lot of editing techniques from working with other writers. There’s so much more room to bend and play and be flexible when the work isn’t your own, so I do try to take that kind of fresh approach to my own work when I can.

Bob Silvers Has Passed Away

We’re saddened to learn that Robert B. Silvers, founder of The New York Review of Books, has died after a brief struggle with an undisclosed illness. An announcement was made this afternoon by the NYRB via Twitter.

Silvers was a titan of American letters. In 1963, along with Barbara Epstein, A. Whitney Ellsworth, and Elizabeth Hardwick, Silvers founded the landmark publication, which would soon become a standard-bearer for literary criticism and intellectual engagement at home and abroad. Over the years, the NYRB regularly featured the writing of Susan Sontag, Norman Mailer, Truman Capote, Joan Didion, Hannah Arendt, James Baldwin, Harold Bloom and Joyce Carol Oates. Silvers and Epstein edited the magazine for over forty years.

The Chicago Tribune once described the NYRB as “one of the few venues in American life that takes ideas seriously…it pays readers the ultimate compliment of assuming that we do too.”

Silvers was recently the subject of the HBO documentary The 50 Year Argument, which memorably portrayed him, a stalwart of old-school publishing, dictating emails over the phone from the back seat of a cab.

Silvers was 87 years old.

This post will be updated as more information becomes available.

Coming of Age at Harvard and in Hungary

The Idiot begins with Selin, the novel’s main character, arriving at Harvard for her freshman year. She navigates uncomfortable dorm politics and struggles with which posters to put up where, and what they will say about her. When, under pressure from her roommate, she picks one depicting Einstein, she is subjected to an almost endless parade of people criticizing her decision. To her, an Einstein poster seemed benign, but it had turned into a signal of her ignorance.

Elif Batuman’s debut novel is a coming-of-age story and Selin’s attempt to grow out of her innocence and ignorance is one of the book’s emotional thrusts. Batuman does this well. Still, the plot itself is simple and unsurprising. It spans about a calendar year and, as one does during the first year of college, Selin changes a lot. But the element that sets The Idiot apart is the writing itself.

“In The Possessed, she was effective. In The Idiot, she is masterful.”

In some ways, this novels feels like evidence for those who might argue that writing cannot be taught. Batuman’s eye is good, her descriptions so emphatically her own, it seems unbelievable that anyone could match it. A large part of it, certainly, is Selin’s depth as a character, but there are deep characters who do not see as clearly. Even in benign moments, the writing can feel revelatory. Here, for example, is how Selin describes walking into a dining hall.

[They] were open late for exam period. At a table near the door, two students were slumped over their books, either asleep or murdered. In a corner, a girl was staring at a stack of flash cards with incredibly ferocity, as if she was going to eat them.

The prose is simple and to the point and the manner in which Batuman deconstructs the familiar is impressive and makes reading, on a sentence-to-sentence level, a joy. Selin is a perceptive character, except, as is the case with many perceptive characters, when it comes to her own relationships, where she is often particularly hapless.

Selin is in love with an older student at Harvard named Ivan, and spends an unhealthy amount of time worrying about him and what he thinks of her. Their relationship begins innocently enough, first in class and then in simultaneously coy and provocative email exchanges. As it escalates, to date-but-not-date-nights and more frequent interactions, the fraught nature becomes clearer and clearer to the reader.

The Star of the Show

How much Selin knows about how bad the power dynamic between the two of them is, for the most part, unclear. One is left to assume: She does not know much about it.

Eventually, he introduces her to someone he knows that sends English teachers to Hungarian villages in order and Selin takes the opportunity. There is a small amount of introspection, though perhaps not enough, focusing on what set of incentives have caused her to do so. Ivan is Hungarian and will be in Hungary (though not always where she’ll be) and they would be able to see one another. She will also have an opportunity to learn more Hungarian, and she believes, rather deeply, that learning about one’s native language can be useful in learning about the person themselves.

This is discussed often in the book, and Selin uses Turkish (a language her family speaks) to convincingly justify her position.

Turkish, for example, had a suffix –mis, that you put on verbs to report anything you didn’t witness personally. You were always stating your degree of subjectivity. You were always thinking about it, every time you opened your mouth.

It is not difficult to see how something like that tense would require a speaker to alter their perception of their place in the world. The important caveat is that it seems to only apply when one is speaking Turkish and not every time someone fluent in Turkish speaks. The nuanced questions that this necessarily raises — does a Turkish speaker become more confident in conjecture in another language? Or is it an attitude one cannot get rid of? — are left unanswered, and Selin does not interrogate her point of view, or at least not early on enough to help her.

Ivan, on the other hand, has a more cynical view of language and its ultimate futility. He is a mathematician at Harvard and in his heart and language’s fundamental lack of objectivity is amusing to him. At one point, he tells Selin a wonderful joke about a scientist who is given a grant to study fleas.

He would shout, “Jump, and measure how far the flea jumped. After a while it got boring because the flea always jumped the same distance, so he pulled off the flea’s legs one by one. The distance got shorter and shorter, until finally, he had pulled off all six legs and he flea didn’t jump at all. “If you remove six legs,” the scientist concluded, “the flea cannot hear.”

It is, of course, a joke, but the subtext is that using language and one’s response to language as a means of understanding the world is fraught with room for error.

Batuman, through Ivan and Selin, manifests both arguments effectively. Her critical acumen in this and other areas is hard to miss throughout the novel, and it is one of the book’s unique delights. Her first book, The Possessed, is a critical memoir of her time studying Russian literature and she balances its twin interests well. Though the project of that book was different, the task of juggling narrative and argument is similar. In The Possessed, she was effective. In The Idiot, she is masterful.

Selin is a neurotic character and she is always concerned about something, as most college students are. Other books set in similar situations would and have shied away from genuinely engaging with the day-to-day issue that undergraduate students face with regard to their classes, but Batuman does not. Translations of her readings for her Russian class, for example, appear in the novel, as do her discussions of them with her classmates. It helps that Batuman is smart enough to make these exchanges interesting. She notes the way the story bends its sentences unnaturally to accommodate the students’ limited grammar and how their expanding grammar impacts the story as they read excerpts of it throughout the semester. This is, in a way, procedural. It is an acknowledgement of how language classes at American colleges and universities operate. But it is also made meaningful by how and when and where and with whom Selin discusses it.

At times, the novel can seem too stuffed full with characters and ideas that it can’t follow all of its relevant threads. Perhaps its inspiration from the Russians she admires (maybe, particularly, Fyodor Dostoevsky, and maybe, particularly, his excellent book The Idiot). Perhaps it is a commitment to an authentic portrayal of that time in a person’s life, when the newness and the nearness of college endlessly introduces students to people with whom they will only have a short term relationship. Whatever the reason, it can be exhausting and disappointing to lose grip of people so quickly.

Still, Batuman’s brilliance is always shining through. In her memoir, The Possessed, she writes about struggling to write a novel, how she would take large chunks of time to write and the frustration and aimlessness she felt doing so. The Idiot is proof that, however frustrating the work was, however many novels were started or abandoned or stuffed away, it was worth it.

9 Memorable Visions of Alternate Today

There’s something both unsettling and compelling about a story set in a slightly different version of the present day. It’s that sense of things being inherently altered, which makes even the most familiar elements ever-so-slightly — or more than slightly — alien. Whether a present is altered due to a historical divergence (a cataclysm that didn’t occur in our world; a war that had a very different outcome) or involves a property of the universe being somehow shifted, the narrative possibilities are nearly endless.

Some writers can really run with that complicated idea — the future history of an altered past. The title story of Kim Stanley Robinson’s Remaking History is set in the near future of a timeline where the late 20th century unfolded slightly differently, while Jonathan Hickman and Nick Dragotta’s comic East of West is set in a surreal future America where the Civil War took a very different direction, leaving the United States fragmented into multiple nations.

Here’s a glimpse into nine books that offer visions of today as different from one another as they are from the world in which we presently reside.

1. Alexis M. Smith, Marrow Island

Though the story it tells is a realistic and naturalistic one, Alexis M. Smith’s Marrow Island is set in a world where history took a different turn. Specifically, a massive earthquake struck the Pacific Northwest a few decades before the events of this novel, subtly reshaping the landscape. The event creates a looming tragedy in the lives of many characters, adding a sense of unpredictability to the book. This is a world in which stunning landscapes can turn on the characters at any moment, and stopping to savor the scenery might be fatal.

2. Michael Cisco, Animal Money

Michael Cisco’s sprawling, hallucinatory novel Animal Money offers a subtly different take on our world. In Cisco’s funhouse mirror of contemporary society, economists engage in borderline-religious rituals, animals engage in complex economic behavior, and weird conspiracies abound. It’s a book where our society’s obsession with financial transactions and theories has been mutated into something more fundamental and strange; the blend of the familiar and the alien makes this a gripping, haunting read.

3. Nisi Shawl, Everfair

In the altered history of Nisi Shawl’s novel Everfair, a new nation emerges in central Africa, where the atrocities committed by the Belgian government in our world never occured. The result is a visionary new timeline in which political idealism, bold technology, and a disparate group of characters converge. Admittedly, the bulk of Everfair is set in the early 20th century, but Shawl opens the book with a dramatis personae that includes dates of birth and death for several major characters, the latter frequently occurring later in the century. It suggests that there are more stories to tell in this world–and that Shawl’s worldbuilding extends further along in this new timeline.

4. Steve Erickson, Shadowbahn

Parallel timelines have shown up in a number of Steve Erickson’s novels, including Arc d’X and Tours of the Black Clock. They also figure into Shadowbahn, which opens with the World Trade Center reappearing in South Dakota and slowly moves from the intimate to the elegiac to the bizarre. One of the book’s characters is Elvis Presley’s stillborn twin Jesse — who ends up moving through an altered version of musical history, becoming a sort of proto-Lester Bangs figure along the way. Like everything Erickson writes, Shadowbahn dizzingly grapples with a host of grand themes.

5. Kim Stanley Robinson, The Gold Coast

The books in Kim Stanley Robinson’s Three Californias trilogy offer three very different takes on possible futures for Orange County. (At least a near- future at the time they were written, in the mid-to-late 1980s; the shadow of the Cold War hangs over The Wild Shore.) The Gold Coast is set in a technologically advanced, morally corrupt society; on the first page, a reference is made to several characters “cruising in autopia” in varying degrees of intoxication.

6. Salman Rushdie, The Ground Beneath Her Feet

In The Ground Beneath Her Feet, Salman Rushdie brings together several decades’ worth of rock and roll history with a riff (pun definitely intended) on the story of Orpheus and Eurydice. But the backdrop before which the events of this book unfold is also a slightly different world than our own, with different fates for a number of prominent cultural and political figures, and different names or genders for others. What seems like an arbitrary choice turns out to have a much greater significance as the novel reaches its ending, and its mythic overtones and scale turn out to be vast indeed.

7. Kingsley Amis, The Alteration

Much of Kingsley Amis’s fiction is situated firmly in the realm of the realistic and comic, but his departures resulted in some of his most memorable work. This is definitely the case with The Alteration, set in a world where the Protestant Reformation never happened, giving Catholicism a much greater role in the world’s affairs, and a more significant impact on the lives of the populace. The title refers to castration, a procedure that the book’s central character — a talented young singer — may be forced to undergo.

8. Jonathan Lethem, Chronic City

Chronic City offers a detailed glimpse of a New York City that doesn’t quite match up with the five boroughs we know today. There are strange alterations to the city’s topography, a bizarre fog that enshrouds lower Manhattan, and a massive tiger prowling the Upper East Side. Throughout the novel, Lethem blends heartfelt emotional moments with descriptions of a world that’s not quite our own. The result is both disorienting and powerfully resonant.

9. Ken Grimwood, Replay

The concept of Ken Grimwood’s 1986 novel Replay is grand indeed: at the moment of his death, its protagonist finds himself waking up decades earlier in his body, but with all of the knowledge he’s accumulated of what is now the future. This motif continues throughout the novel and, at times, he uses this information to alter history in intriguing ways — including a subplot involving innovative film technology. It’s an emotionally draining tour through several different versions of recent history, toggling between broader cultural changes and instances where the changes happen on the

scale of a single life.

18 (More) Amazing Novels You Can Read in a Day

My Brother and Me at the World’s Largest Gathering of Twins

The official kick-off to Twins Days, a festival celebrating twin-dom, is a wiener roast held at Twinsburg High School in the aptly named town of Twinsburg, Ohio. Next to moon bounces and corn-hole boards, an out-of-place jazz trio performs to a crowd of no one. The parking lot is full; inside, it’s packed. We’re wearing identical blue denim button-downs, boat shoes, and pink shorts. Framed together in the dim glow of our Super 8 motel room mirror an hour or so earlier, we’d laughed uncomfortably: this was, after all, the first time since kindergarten we’d dressed exactly alike, when we both wore Old Navy overalls and tried to switch places, only to get caught just as lunch was being served.

Of course, this whole twin interchangeability trope has been a reliable pop culture staple since Shakespeare. From a young age, the cultural powers that be have implied that there are really only a few ways to be a twin: you can either look alike, act alike, and so essentially live your life as the same person (see: the creepy twins from The Shining, Fred and George Weasley, and those twin girls in college romps who are always fodder for fantastical threesomes that flagrantly ignore societal norms re: incest); you can look alike and have — at least on the surface — diametrically opposite personalities (see: The Parent Trap, Comedy of Errors, Romulus and Remus, and the criminally underrated last gasp of Mary-Kate and Ashley, New York Minute)¹; or you can just be evil.

And yet, something about the endeavor has always repelled us. Those of you (Mom; and moms, in general) who assume that dressing up in the same clothes is somehow a natural thing to do, or that it feels at all right — well, you’re wrong. Dressing up in the same clothes — playing up one’s identicalness — accomplishes the opposite. Which is to say: It makes you feel like you’re someone else entirely. Or, more precisely, like no one at all. When you look in the mirror and see someone else exactly like you, and you also know that that person has the same DNA, it’s such that you really can’t even stand to look at the other one; for a moment it’s like you’re literally canceling each other out of the world. A part of you wants to disappear, is disappearing, as the pre-existing conception of your individual self departs from a reality that’s much more intent on grouping you together than allowing you to remain apart.

Dressing up in the same clothes — playing up one’s identicalness — accomplishes the opposite. It makes you feel like you’re someone else entirely.

What’s even eerier at the festival, though, is that everyone else inside the school is also dressed identically. The windows are letting in sunlight and people are sweating as all the so-called “multiples” mingle and scarf down hot dogs. The place has that sour milk and old French fry scent of hot cafeteria and kid, and it’s packed with twins of all ages and sizes and races: old lady twins, urbanite twins, Hello Kitty twins, Emo twins, middle-aged white twins and middle-aged black twins, obese twins and skinny twins and tall, dolled-up, high-heeled twins, who run around in a frantic and ultimately futile effort to snap selfies of themselves with every other set present. There is a premium on attire, and people dress in clothes from generic and kitsch, to garish and theatrical.

The authors at Twin Days

We see girls with matching tiaras, black guys in matching Batman shirts, one girl with a shirt that says “copy,” and her sister wearing one that says “paste.” It’s a real family-oriented event, and we look at each other with this feeling like we don’t belong, that in some way we’re just a bit too cool — a bit too individualistic, perhaps — for this sort of thing. To the uninitiated, it feels undeniably freakshow-ish, and also bizarrely post-everything: the only label here is twin.

We can’t find a seat, so we go into the hallway and lean up against the high school sports trophy cases. The twins we’d met in the registration line had been in a Johnsonville bratwurst commercial; they also became the first of many heterosexual male twins to unsubtly suggest that having your twin with you this weekend will get you laid. (Spoiler: it doesn’t.)

We eat our complimentary hot dogs and look at each other with a familiarly adolescent cocktail of feelings — apprehension, insecurity, anxiety, discomfort — and are saved only by a girl, who, in passing, notices that our nametags read Sam and Joe.

“Are you named Sam and Joe?” she asks.

We look up in unison. “Yes.”

She pulls two other boys aside. “They’re also named Sam and Joe.”

Other Sam and Joe, as we would come to call them, are 16-year-old twins from Buffalo, New York. They’re wearing matching checkered blue-and-black Target-grade button-downs and sporting the same pubescent shadow of a mustache, beaming from ear to ear. It’s clear they fucking love Twins Days — it’s their sixth year.

“Who’s A and who’s B?” one of them asks us. We don’t know what this means. “Who’s older? Older twins are As.”

Turns out that both Joes are As and both Sams are Bs, which is a 50 percent chance but still pretty amazing. At first, it seems too great of a simplification to reduce our relationship to A and B, but the festival as a whole seems to shrug off nuance in favor of the sort of generalizations most people entertain about twins, many of which we come to find disconcertingly accurate. Nowadays, naturally, it’s impossible to tell whether or not those generalizations — As are Leaders; Bs are Followers; “Joe’s a douche”; “Sam’s nice” — are the results of a narrative drummed into us since childhood by all manner of non-twin persons, ill-equipped to perceive nuance in identicals, or the biological ramifications of emerging first/second from the womb.²

We start talking with Other Sam and Joe and a group of girls they’re friends with. For a moment we forget that they’re all 16, our little brother’s age. We ask them candidly if this is the whole festival. They tell us we have to go to the Bertram hotel — there’s a party there on Friday and Saturday night that goes until two in the morning.

“Is there alcohol?” we ask, doe-eyed.

“Yes,” they say. Someone comes up and asks if they can take our picture. Weirdly, many people here want to take your photo but don’t necessarily even want to be in it. Twins, we realize, rank right up there with cats dressed as humans in terms of photographic potential. We acknowledge this is a slippery slope, yet there’s also a celebrity aspect to it that isn’t wholly unappealing. Needless to say, we feel cool again.

Twins, we realize, rank right up there with cats dressed as humans in terms of photographic potential.

At 7pm, the welcome ceremony begins in the gym. We all sit in the bleachers. Below, there are tables set up with a panoply of lame raffle items — items like a men’s hygiene set, which is just a nice basket with deodorant in it. Though there’s some pomp, the entire endeavor is beside the point.

We quickly gather that everyone either seems to know each other or want to know each other. Their sincerity is palpable, excessive to the point of obsequiousness. “Winsome” is a word that comes to mind in reference to practically all the girls we meet. No one entertains irony, even as they crown this year’s Royal Court — a group of twins who, through some combination of essay submissions to an unidentifiable committee and past Twins Days experience, are selected to be Princes and Princesses and Kings and Queens. The MC of the entire charade is a shrew-y, overenthusiastic mother of former Princes, who excitedly announces that for the 40th Annual Twins Days, all former royalty will ride in procession during tomorrow’s parade.³

Between a scholarship announcement and an in-joke regarding the MC’s womb, we lose interest in the ceremony, and so decide to walk to a nearby bar and grill to get a little bit more food and pre-game for the Bertram.

At present, we’re intrigued about the whole concept, but skeptical. An ignorant part of us still clings to this notion that we’re somehow better or smarter than all these other buffoons dressing alike and getting excited about baskets of ornately wrapped Old Spice. Dressing alike in particular seems gimmicky, gauche and, if we’re being honest, anti-intellectual. It’s sort of like enjoying pop country music, which we’re confident nobody would like if they only knew better.

Dressing alike in particular seems gimmicky, gauche and, if we’re being honest, anti-intellectual.

Twinsburg itself, we notice, is a blue-collar amalgam of cardboard cut-out homes and trailer parks. The town bowls us over with normalcy, its homey-ness so extreme as to be almost alienating. Though maybe the alienation is self-inflicted, a byproduct of realizing we’re no happier than these people, and in fact sadder for being incapable of simply enjoying the festival for what it is.

“It’s weird that Twins Days celebrates sameness,” one of us says, “when our whole lives up to this point, we’ve sort of made a point to try as hard as possible to be seen as independent people. People that are super alike, sure, but independent, you know?”

“It’s, dare I say, anti-American.”

We go on, joking that people in Twinsburg are likely sick of twins. “Fuck, those freaks again?”

Which turns out to be the opposite of the truth. Locals are really into twins, and super nice about it. At the Rush Hour Bar and Grille, we’re treated like minor celebrities.

Outside in a gated patio, we are greeted by three middle-aged people who, at 8pm, are already slurring their words. There’s a second grade teacher and a quiet man who is presumably her boyfriend. She keeps telling us how excited she is. “This is for you,” she keeps saying, presumably of the festival. The other guy is a drunk and graying character with a Tom Selleck mustache and gravelly voice. He’s loud and excited for us as well; he has his feet up on a chair, and insists on buying us one more saccharine $4 Long Island Iced Tea.

When the couple leaves, we learn that Ohio Tom Selleck flew planes in Vietnam, and that he’d been a professor of nuclear physics but is now unable to find a job. “I’m too old and white,” he says with a melancholy smile. He keeps repeating our names, “Joe and Sam,” as if in awe of them. Eventually, he goes inside the bar, buys us each another drink, and then drives home.

The neighborhood he lives in is called Reminderville, and on the way to the Bertram that night we actually pass through it, the headlights of our Uber driver’s car spilling briefly onto a wooden sign bearing its name. We both agree there is something poetic about this name and that Ohio Tom Selleck lives there, though we can’t exactly put our finger on what it is.

Proper Young Ladies: Writing My Mother’s Shakespeare Essay

The Bertram is technically in Aurora, Ohio, a small suburb near Twinsburg. We’re staying about a half-hour away, and our failure to obtain proper hotel accommodations only adds to its lore. From the outside, the place is giant, looming larger against the night sky because of how utterly empty its immediate environs are. Once inside, however, you feel as if you’re only experiencing a fragment of it, and wonder where the rest of it is.

We enter an expansive, well-lit hall. People don’t sit as much as buzz around each other in pairs, posing for photos, hugging, chatting, drinking. The experience is such that it becomes quickly unimaginable that there could be any non-twin guests staying at the hotel, or that there might be other people there who aren’t downstairs in the lobby or in the ballroom; it’s as if the masterminds behind the Bertram hotel (and they are undoubtedly masterminds) decided that in order to maximize their twin guests’ experience, they had to ensure no non-twins were present.

In the ballroom, two hipster-ish twins mirror each other’s moves with uncanny precision. Quadruplet 8-year-old girls weave so seamlessly through the crowd as to create an illusory effect that there is in fact an infinite stream of them, rather than just four. When “Bye Bye Bye” comes on, at least five pairs of twins break out into what looks like a fully choreographed dance, though whether it’s been planned or is simply a function of so many identical twins dancing to the same song is impossible to discern.

Early in the night, we ask two 40-ish male twins from New Jersey if they ever bring their spouses.

“Oh, no,” they say. “Never.”

They’re dressed in matching gray-and-white striped Polos. Their voices are nasally, shoulders hunched. Draped over one of them is a woman with bangs and a big nose. She’s like a cartoon version of Edie Falco as Carmela Soprano, disguised in a teal top and orange spray tan.

“This weekend is just for us,” they continue. “What happens in Twinsburg, stays in Twinsburg.”

This will become a common refrain, especially among the older men and women. After they shout at us, “Virgins! Virgins!” they regale us with the beauty of Twins Days and tell us we’ll be back for years. It seems like everyone except us has been here six, ten, twenty years in a row. Some kids near our age, we learn, have been coming since they were born. It’s not hard to imagine the four of these twins — the New Jersey dads and their Carmela-like floozies — meeting on this same weekend in August, once a year for twenty years, aging gradually but immeasurably, hooking up despite the tossed-aside vicissitudes of Back Home.

We talk to a man with a goatee who, like many others, encourages us to go get pussy. We talk to women who tell us they were sitting behind us at the Royal Court ceremony. We meet a pair of 21-year-old twins from Long Island who go to NYU, and for a moment we think, oh, ok, we’ve found our best friends. But we lose them. When we mention the parade that starts at 9am the next morning, almost everyone says, “I didn’t make it my first year either.” 

We get down to the business of trying to talk to twin girls. Though we both have girlfriends, the Vegas-esque maxim echoes somewhere in the far recesses of our brains, and never once do we consider revealing that fact. We lose one pair of blondes to a photo-op with the quadruplets. We drop a set from Mississippi because they’re very shy and also totally uninterested. A short distance away, we spy a pair of twin girls in black tank tops and turquoise skirts. They look cute. We approach. One of us says, “Are you guys twins?” 

Near the end of the night, we approach three people standing hesitantly by one of the thresholds to the ballroom. They’re noticeably awkward. We can tell right away that they’re not twins, and discover that they’re an indie band from New York who’d heard about the festival and drove down to shoot their music video here. The song, they tell us, is about loneliness — they figure twins never feel alone. When we ask what other bands they sound like, they say, “The Beatles.” Only walking away do we stop to think that they’re either insanely cocky or else this is the type of thing a person says to someone they think has never listened to music before.

The song, they tell us, is about loneliness — they figure twins never feel alone.

The entire party, we conclude, is a wonderful cross between a Bar Mitzvah reception and a summer camp social, replete with gelled up hair, Axe body spray, B.O., excessive photo-taking, a shitty DJ, moms, dads, and a conga line. Being more than a little buzzed in this magisterial, middle-of-nowhere hotel strips away whatever skepticism we had earlier regarding the whole festival as one big freakshow. Only around other sets of twins do we feel free to indulge in the narrative of twin-dom that so many have expected from us. In years prior, this might have bruised our precious notions of individuality. But the Bertram is different: for one weekend each year, packed exclusively with twins, it’s this beautiful thing made more beautiful by virtue of not being watched.

We miss the parade.

For a moment around 9am, we actually wake up and joke that we should go over there, even though we’re so obviously not going. It’s too early for parades, and we’re too hung over. We chalk it up to being Twins Days virgins.

We only second-guess it because we’d gone into this weekend with the idea that we’d write about it and now we’d missed an integral aspect of the whole shebang. Not to mention, when we go to leave for this Jewish deli Saturday morning, it appears one of us had lost one of the disposable cameras we’d purchased at a CVS the day before.¹⁰

Twins Days (the actual festival part) is only slightly better than the wiener roast, and pales in comparison to the Bertram. Other than a designated research area for studies pertaining to twins and a tent where look-a-like contests take place, the festival is at a loss for how to reify a celebration of twins into any twin-specific activities. Instead, there persists the staples of any other small-town summer festival: beer tents and food booths, vendors selling dog tags and henna tattoos and other souvenir knick-knacks of no apparent relation to multiples. There’s a Veteran of Foreign Wars booth that isn’t really selling anything or asking for anything, it’s just there, and shitty carnival rides that are present more out of an obligation to the idea of a “festival” than any practical or entertainment-related purpose. It’s safe to say Twins Days is content to rest on the sui generis of the twins themselves, who, despite this being a public event, seem to make up a majority of festivalgoers.

Other than a designated research area for studies pertaining to twins and a tent where look-a-like contests take place, the festival is at a loss for how to reify a celebration of twins into any twin-specific activities.

Just walking around, we see twins in matching Pittsburgh Pirates jerseys, twins in matching Minnesota Twins jerseys, and a pair of 90-year-old twins in Cleveland Indian jerseys, one of whom is carrying what appears to be the world’s first camera. There’s also a pair of redheaded triplets from Australia in matching soccer jerseys who get a whole lot of attention. Though outfits range from the quotidian to the costume-ish, emphasis seems to be placed on the latter: part of the parade thing, we realize, is that people dress alike in some sort of punny costume.

Welcome to the Monkey House: Teaching the 2016 Election in a Literature Course

Our boys, Other Sam and Joe, are dressed in Flintstone outfits, and on the back of their cardboard car-looking construction they carry on their shoulders is a painted-on note that reads, “The Twinstones.” There are twins carrying around a ball and chain, and a pair of 12-year-old girl twins performing a synchronized baton routine that we try and fail to Snapchat. There are a group of people dressed in Amish garb with no discernable twins in the bunch. We can’t tell if it’s a costume or not, and have no idea why they’re there, because all they seem to do is sit at a picnic bench and then walk a little ways away, only to return to the picnic bench as if stuck in their very own Reminderville loop. We notice a similar methodology to the Army contingent of Twins Days, all of whom amble around their Humvees waiting for people to come over to take photos, though it’s unclear whether they’re here because they’re twins or simply because they’re in the Army, which we suppose is a good enough reason to hang out pretty much anywhere in the world nowadays.

At about 4pm, we head over to the look-alike contest. Behind the main stage, there’s an area where we line up with other identical twin males ages 17–26. We meet a pair — Anthony and Nick — who look a lot like California surfer dudes, though they turn out to be from Kentucky. They have a lot of tattoos, and when we ask what they are they just name different sea creatures. That’s the whole tattoo scheme. There doesn’t appear to be any meaning behind it.

Soon, we’re moving from the staging area to the bleachers on the stage. There are a surprising number of people in the crowd. We sit next to Anthony and Nick.¹¹ The dudes in front of us are these overweight twins in cowboy hats and blue button-down shirts; they act like they’ve been here before. Word on the street is they were on the VH1 show Twinning. There’s a tacit agreement that being on this show is the apotheosis of being a twin. Everyone on the bleachers looks around at each other and is sort of like, “No, you guys look so much more alike than us,” and in response we all go, “Nah, you guys look way more alike,” and it becomes apparent that no one thinks that they themselves look the most identical.

Word on the street is they were on the VH1 show Twinning. There’s a tacit agreement that being on this show is the apotheosis of being a twin.

The judging period consists of all of us standing up looking straight, then to the side, then at each other. The last pose is definitely the weirdest, and no one can really maintain eye contact for too long without laughing. Out of the corner of our eyes we spy the head judge, a prim woman with pristine posture. What makes her qualified to judge a look-alike contest is a mystery no one seems willing to explore.

Her authority is unquestionable. We all look in her eyes, and though she’s got a smile on her face, you can tell she’s taking this operation very seriously, and consults with two other older women while placing her hand over her mouth. We’ve all got our little nametags with our little twin number on them, and she has us all stand up to face her again. She names the top three, who will go on to be judged center stage. Anthony and Nick advance, despite the fact that Anthony (or maybe it’s Nick) has a broken wrist. Everyone else gets participation ribbons.

We end up spending most of the festival at the research tents in a concerted effort to recoup some of the money we lost on our record-breaking Uber ride home ($109.64) the previous evening. There’s a slightly disconcerting nature to the researchers, some of whom approach us with nothing short of slavish prurience. We are normal people, yet we feel special here, but not for anything in particular; we haven’t done anything, we just are, and there’s an irony in being singularly valuable for being exactly the same. A contrarian truth prevails in Twinsburg, wherein the age-old American mantra encouraging you to Be Yourself becomes subservient to the culturally-reinforced mantra re: twins encouraging you to Be The Same. Oddly enough, to really celebrate the uniqueness of being a twin, you must embrace the aspects of your actual individual self that are in fact the least unique.

We haven’t done anything, we just are, and there’s irony in being singularly valuable for being exactly the same.

Under one tent, we take a mind-bogglingly dumb test where a guy from Syracuse is handing out questionnaires hoping to find out whether political orientation is genetic. We spit in these saliva tubes for a taste and smell test, after which we receive 25 dollars in cold hard cash. We spend way too long in line doing tests for face and audio recognition software, where researchers are using twins’ alikeness to hone their technology’s precision.

While waiting, we talk to two bored twins from Cleveland in black dresses. We bond with them over our Jewishness, and get the sense that their mother would like to see the four of us betrothed. We miss the group photo taking place in the field nearby. We’ve taken enough photos. We’re surprised to hear that a slew of people have been going here for years and have yet to go to the Bertram. This leads us to believe there are two types of Twins Days goers: the Bertram people and the people who actually go to the festival to go to the festival. We feel like we belong firmly to the former camp, and sort of look down upon those who are in the latter as we did those kids in high school who never once touched a drop of alcohol, and so who we felt were always passively judging us.

Bertram, take two.

We’ve pre-gamed in our hotel room with Red Bull and vodka. Our Lyft driver’s as white and wiry as a skinhead, but his hair is dyed bright red. He tells us he moved to Cleveland because there were more opportunities there than in the small Pennsylvania town where he grew up. When we tell him where we’re going, he alternates between saying, “Can you get me in?” and, “If this thing is a bust, you gotta hit Fourth Street. The women there…”

Ten minutes into the ride, we ask if we can smoke cigarettes in his car. He says we can smoke anything we want. We say, dang, we didn’t bring any pot, only to have him pull out a bowl from his glove compartment and pass it back to us saying, “It’s fully loaded.” If the ethereal soul of the Bertram descended from the heavens and possessed a person, you may very well get someone like this guy, plus his twin.

We run into our boys from Long Island immediately upon entering the ballroom. They’re wasted. Normally, you’d have to be grandfathered in to procure a precious room at the Bertram, but they’d lucked into one because some other, more Bertram-appropriate twins they knew bailed last second. They say with some shame that they passed out early the night before. “Let’s go up to our room and take shots,” one of them says. They like us after all.

We go up to their suite and out the window is this majestic-looking pool. The Bertram, we think to ourselves, continues to surprise. The Long Island twins tell us it’s their fourth time getting drunk today, and a wave of regret ripples through our guts: it seems like if you stay at the Bertram, it’s all Bertram party, all the fucking time. Yet again, these guys are all over the place — they remind us of us when we didn’t know how to drink effectively. In their luggage are chocolate chip cookies baked by their mommy. They keep knocking on the person’s door across from theirs; it’s dark inside, and two people emerge, a girl and a guy, neither of whom can find their twin. “We’re watching Mulan,” the girl says, ostensibly confused as to why they are watching Mulan.

“Have you seen my brother?” the guy asks with desperation in his voice. It’s the first sign of any twin canoodling, and it doesn’t look pretty.¹²

We make it downstairs with the Long Island twins, who, at this point, look pretty wobbly. More than four times we hear that this is the fourth time they’ve been drunk today. We can tell they are not long for this world, this paradisaical Bertram. They fist pump their way onto the dance floor, where we find Anthony and Nick being ogled by a circle of what appears to be high school girls.

Nearby, the fat cowboy twins from VH1’s Twinning are, to our great surprise, talking with the gorgeous #1 twins we’d laid eyes upon earlier in the day at the beer garden. These girls are so far out of these guys’ leagues, yet being twins at Twins Days has a leveling effect. Attractiveness seems judged not by how good looking you are, but how much you look like your twin. After a few minutes of standing around not dancing with the high school contingent, we leave Anthony and Nick and the dudes from Long Island, and step outside for a cigarette.

Whereupon we meet a middle-aged woman who’s here with her fraternal twin sister. They’ve brought their daughters, who are posing as fraternal twins. They don’t look alike but neither do their moms, who are, now that we come to think about it, the first pair of fraternals we’ve talked to. The girls are fun though, and their moms are too, and they all want to dance and drink alcohol, and they’re not in high school, all of which is a real plus. So even though it seems kind of wrong, for much of the rest of the night, we’re based at the back of the dance floor with this crew of posers, who probably feel energized for having taken a pair of identicals over to their side.

After slow dancing with the fake twins, the lights come up and we go outside to find a ride back to our hotel.¹³

The next morning, we pack our things and check out. We stop again at the Jewish deli across the street, where the same curmudgeonly owner directs us to our table. There’s no need to get sentimental, or remark on how this may be the longest amount of time we’ve spent together just us. We don’t have to talk at all, actually, as is often the case when we’re by ourselves, when almost anything we can say can just as easily go unsaid.¹⁴

There’s no need to get sentimental, or remark on how this may be the longest amount of time we’ve spent together just us.

A few days later, we learn that of the 27 photos from our remaining disposable camera, only eight or so are developable, and even those are shrouded in a grey nostalgic hue — no doubt the result of neglecting to hit the flash button in the mystical dark of the Bertram. And while our photographic ineptitude might be a letdown to our family and friends, we don’t really care. Maybe it’s better we keep those memories fluid, anyway — bouncing back and forth between us, gaining mass — content knowing that, one day soon, we can put them in writing.

1. JOE: I had — and will continue to have — dibs on Ashley, should our childhood fantasy wherein we meet and marry the Olsen twins pan out.

2. JOE: The narrative drummed into us since childhood began, of course, with our mother, who ascribed my emerging from the womb first and with more pounds on me as evidence of some fetal maleficence towards Sam.

SAM: Have you noticed that Joe has written the first two footnotes? Typical A behavior.

3. JOE: While Sam was in the bathroom, they also brought up a twin whose brother had recently passed away. Somehow the guy manages to give a speech and keep it together. There’s a collective shuffling going on throughout, and it’s kind of like being at a party and someone brings up that statistically, half the people here will get cancer. Like, gosh, I feel fucking horrible, but I’m sort of, you know, angry that you’re making me feel this horrible when I didn’t do anything to you. Imagining your twin dying is probably the worst thing ever.

SAM: Evidently, Joe failed to mention this to me, and I’m just reading about it now. I too often imagine what it would be like if Joe died, and it’s true, I’d be really sad. But it pales in comparison to my imagining of the inverse scenario wherein I die and Joe’s still alive. For some reason, the prospect of Joe feeling sad about me being dead makes me more sad than the prospect of Joe being dead, which is totally batshit confusing.

4. JOE: Sitting in the bathroom stall later, he walked in and, while urinating, drawled, “Joe and Sam…” to which I chuckled awkwardly and clenched.

5. SAM: I end up spewing a projection onto Ohio Tom Selleck’s plight, wherein a meta-aspect of living in Reminderville is that it serves as a constant reminder that, ugh, yes, you’re living in Reminderville.

6. SAM: I suspect there’s an honorable aspect to missing the parade. It’s the Twins Days equivalent of getting too drunk to actually attend Prom, opting instead to fuck in your car.

7. JOE: I think this pickup line works on multiple levels: obviously they’re twins, duh. But also, this is a question twins are asked all the time, so now it’s an inside joke. (Other questions twins are always asked: Do you feel each other’s pain? When you look in the mirror, do you ever forget which one you are? Are your penises the same size? Answers: No. No. Probably.) Sam and I have tried various twin-related pickup lines over the years, mostly in France, when we studied abroad together. There was one where, when, say, Sam was talking to a girl, I would come up and act as if we had just met for the first time, and we would stage a reunion of long lost twins. This one never really proved effective, in large part due to the fact that, even if the premise worked, our French, especially at nightclubs, was too poor to communicate the bit.

8. JOE: The supposition about loneliness was even more off base. I remember leaving for New Orleans to go to college without Sam, and feeling the freedom that comes, perhaps, with having no idea who you are. There was a loneliness involved, but it was a thrilling sort of loneliness in that it was a first — the first time that I would be known as “Joe” independent of “Joe and Sam.” I took the opportunity to try and differentiate myself from Sam in college — I joined a frat, acted in plays, drunkenly experienced New Orleans culture. And yet, I still intuitively think that if Sam wanted to, he could do anything I could do just as well. When he visited for Mardi Gras that first spring and had to hang out with my friends alone while I attended to fraternity duties, they all told me that, “It was no different than having you around.” It was a nice sentiment, but cemented in me this idea that by virtue of having an identical twin, I would never be able to be my own wholly unique person. And there’s a particular loneliness in that, too.

SAM: I don’t necessarily think they were wrong when they said twins are less alone. Still, they were missing the point. We may feel less alone (after all, it is comforting to know there’s another you out there), but another sensation persists, perhaps more potent than loneliness, which can only be described as a deficiency: by being one half of, I am less than whole. So while, yes, we always have one another, this lack of loneliness — or viewing ourselves in relation to each other, as metaphors of one another — is directly responsible for a lack of identity. This isn’t to say being a twin is better or worse, easier or harder, than not being a twin — I only suggest that having another someone who is genetically the same as you is not as simple as a non-twin may think.

9. SAM: Despite always writing our own stuff — fiction, essays, criticism, etc. — we’ve always found ourselves attacking identical themes/issues/melancholic female love interests from different angles at the same time. It’s really the closest we’ve ever come to achieving quote-unquote “twin telepathy.” Later, of course, in the process of writing this essay, we’ll realize that the act of us writing — and our twinhood, generally — is just one shared transcript upon which we can project our own individual voices: a way in which we can function both as one (as a brotherly unit) and one (as individuals).

JOE: So meta it hurts.

10. JOE: It was Sam. Sam had it in a bag, along with some wristbands we got at registration that had some unknown utility, plus the Twins Days program. Sam is careless about these things. He’s a B after all.

SAM: It might have been Joe. Whatever. The disposable camera thing was a stupid idea, anyway — Joe’s ill-advised attempt to rebel against the Document Everything ethos of modern day social media in favor of capturing only a select few photos. Truth is, I was more distracted by urges to take photos with a disposable camera (out of some sort of misguided obligation) than I would’ve been had we just used our regular old iPhone 4s. This just goes to show how much more susceptible Joe is to ersatz totems of purity/artistic truth than I am.

JOE: It was 30% ersatz-totem-of-purity/artistic-truth susceptibility (classic Sam phrase there) and 70% my girlfriend persuading me it would be a good idea. A few weeks earlier, she had taken a remarkable picture of me on the beach, the coloring of which was pretty damn close to an authentic totem of artistic purity. It was the optical equivalent of jeans you’d actually ripped yourself but were indistinguishable from ripped jeans sold at Abercrombie.

SAM: Is that a simulacrum?

JOE: Fuck off.

11. JOE: It’s this weird thing where I’m sitting next to Sam, who’s sitting next to Anthony, who’s sitting next to Nick, who’s sitting next to another twin, who, of course, is sitting next to his twin. So Sam and Anthony start talking and I’m trying my best to join their conversation, while Nick, not knowing what else to do, strikes up a conversation with the guy sitting next to him. Then I see that that guy’s twin is trying to get into the conversation just like I am.

SAM: This typifies many conversations we have throughout the festival, and really throws a wrench in our unfounded mathematical theory that declared four as some divine number for any and all twin-related conversation.

12. JOE: Kind of odd that this is the first instance, no?

SAM: Sure, but it only adds to the myth of the Bertram, which, in my mind, contains myriad corners couples can steal away to do hand-stuff.

13. SAM: In the Uber, I confess to Joe my severe shame when Other Joe, hope brimming in his eyes, yelled from across the room, much too loudly and also somehow in a voice only I could hear, “You get any?” and I was forced to respond by shaking my head and mouthing, “No.” This was the nadir of the trip, and perhaps my entire life.

14. JOE: As my then-girlfriend astutely observed, “You don’t so much finish each other’s sentences as much as you really don’t have to start sentences at all.”

SAM: Shout out to Joe’s then-girlfriend.

Neruda & Paterson: Notes on the Contemporary Poetic Film

Pablo Larraín’s Neruda and Jim Jarmusch’s Paterson are both films about poetry. This much is obvious from reading a description of their plots. The former follows the famed Chilean poet as he becomes embroiled in his country’s muddled politics, while the latter centers on an amateur poet living and working in New Jersey. But Larraín and Jarmusch have gone further, turning each of their films into a poetic portrait of its subject, ones which not only give access to the inner lives of these creative individuals, but that also breathe poetry itself. Both of them are, in the most literal sense, poetic films.

While describing them as such will surely call to mind a work of experimental non-narrative or something from Terrence Malick’s filmography, Neruda and Paterson take their cues not from the lyric, but from the modernist moment which they go to great lengths to evoke. In his neo-noir ode to Pablo Neruda, for example, Larraín opts to introduce us to the poet in a bathroom. Our first encounter with him is not as the more familiar and beloved romantic writer whose verses have delighted readers over the years, but as a senator, butting heads with his colleagues over his communist and anti-American views. As played by Luis Gnecco, Neruda seems to delight in these petty confrontations, seeing them as yet another excuse to voice his concerns about the postwar state of his country, and a chance to flex his wit against the stuffy politicians who mock and fear him in equal measure.

That he puts down opponents with gusto after peeing and washing his hands in a communal restroom in a government building is an almost incidental detail, but it frames the Chilean poet as someone tied to his body and — by extension — to the country’s body politic. By the time we see him regaling a group of partygoers at his estate, with a booming declamation of his most famous poem (“Puedo escribir los versos más tristes esta noche…”/ “Tonight I can write the saddest lines…”), and the voiceover narration informs us that all eyes and all lips are on him (“They want to kiss him. Sleep with him,” we are told), it becomes apparent why this big-bellied political and poetic provocateur is such an enduring icon, and why Larraín’s film has rightly been described as an anti-biopic.

Luis Gnecco and Mercedes Morán in ‘Neruda’ (2016)

Where most other films bearing such an iconic name might tread carefully in portraying its protagonist’s self-aggrandizing personality and prickly politics, at the risk of tarnishing their lustrous legacy, Neruda instead adopts a darkly comic tone, signaling that it doesn’t take itself too seriously — the better, perhaps, to embody a Nerudian sensibility. This is nowhere more evident than in its choice of narrator. That job goes to the character Oscar Peluchonneau (played by Gael García Bernal), a policeman who — with a dashing smirk and a dapper fedora — enters the film to assist in finding Neruda, after the poet and senator has gone into hiding. “This is where I come in,” he informs us in voiceover, as we watch him enter a government building. His plainspokenness soon gives way to more playful and literate turns of phrase: “I come from the blank page. I come for my black ink. This is where the cop enters — full of life, chest filled with air.”

Gael García Bernal as Oscar Peluchonneau in ‘Neruda’

It’s Peluchonneau who serves as our verbose guide throughout the film. With every near-miss encounter he has with Neruda (who rejoices in being mythified as an elusive and wanted man-on-the-run), Peluchonneau is presented as a character to be mocked, a bumbling Inspector Clouseau-like figure, standing in for the hollowness of the political authority Neruda and his ilk are fighting against. He may also be, as the film posits towards the end, entirely a figment of Neruda’s own imagination.

If Neruda feels like a refraction of the Chilean poet’s sensibility filtered through a Borgesian labyrinth of a plot, Jarmusch’s Paterson, on the other hand, is as clean and straightforward as the poetry of its fictional namesake. Paterson’s premise, which sounds rather precious when distilled, concerns a bus driver named Paterson (played by Adam Driver) who lives and works in his hometown of Paterson, New Jersey. Aware of the poetic history this setting carries, Jarmusch has crafted a film which evokes the modernist sensibility of William Carlos Williams (who wrote a five-book epic poem on the town) and Allen Ginsberg (who grew up there), among others. In the film’s eyes, Driver’s daydreaming bus operator is their latest heir. Here are the opening lines of the first poem by him (“Love Poem”) that we’re made privy to:

We have plenty of matches in our house
We keep them on hand always.
Currently our favorite brand is Ohio Blue Tip
Though we used to prefer Diamond brand.

Paterson’s poetry, like that of his idols (which include Frank O’Hara, as evinced by the copy of Lunch Poems he keeps on hand), registers the everydayness of his life, a fact which the film in its own construction seems keen to highlight. Take how Jarmusch stages Paterson coming up with his Ohio Blue Tip matches poem. Following the amateur poet catching sight of the matchbox in his kitchen, we see him as he walks to work, lost in internal reflection, the lines of the poem slowly coming to him. Driver meanwhile offers a voiceover, which gives us a glimpse into the character’s artistic process. In these moments — which are repeated several times throughout the film — his voice is always tentative, as if he’s coming up with the lines on the spot, carefully weighing the impact of each word on the line as a whole. Thus we hear him take unexpected pauses, sounding out individual words as he writes them down in his notebook.

In depicting these moments of inspiration the film eschews its own naturalism, rushing instead to echo the feeling of Paterson’s poetic inspiration. When he sits down on a bench to finish his Blue Tip poem, for example, Jarmusch overlays images in the present of the nearby waterfall with a close-up from the past of the box of matches, as if seeing it through his mind’s eye as Paterson writes about it. And when the poet’s own handwriting etches itself onto the screen, the frame completely merges the poetry being written with the moment that inspired it.

The film itself obeys the very artistic tenets that Paterson’s poetry evidently subscribes to. Jarmusch segments Paterson’s structure into eight stanza-like parts, each one following a day in the protagonist’s life. These adhere to the rigidity of his daily routine: here he is waking up next to his girlfriend (Golshifteh Farahani) every morning, looking at his watch. Here he is jotting down verses while on his bus, before exchanging pleasantries with his supervisor. Here he is walking his dog late at night and stopping at a local bar for a single beer. Paterson’s script gives its storytelling a recursive rhythm, making the slight variations in the daily routine all the more momentous, like a landscape just waiting to be mined for inspiration.

It’s not often that poetry takes center stage in a film; even less so that it blends effortlessly with a film’s formal presentation. Perhaps what makes these two modern takes on artistic inspiration so refreshing is their conviction that poetry is intimately tied to the mundanity of lived experience, specifically that of working people. It is both an unassuming proposition, and one which nevertheless feels, in its way, rather radical.

Hecho En Venezuela: The Private Poetics of Narrative, Memory, and Lies

Ted Wilson Reviews the World: Scott Bayo

★☆☆☆☆ (1 out of 5)

Hello, and welcome to my week-by-week review of the world. Today I am reviewing Scott Bayo.

The name Scott Bayo is a name you’re probably pretty sure you think sounds familiar. That’s because he played Fonzie’s sidekick Tchotchke in the hit series Happy Days. He later played an orphan whose adopted family abandoned him and gave him to another family in the show Charles in Charge, which was less of a hit because Fonzie never appeared. People loved Fonzie.

After falling off the radar for several decades, Scott was allowed by Fonzie to have a cameo appearance in the groundbreaking show Arrested Development. Just as things seemed to be going good for Scott, his career really jumped the shark.

He began garnering attention by voicing his admiration for a severely mentally ill man named Donald Trump. A lot of people gave Scott flak, but I have to admire someone who is humble enough to believe he is beneath the mentally ill.

Overall, Scott Bayo’s career has been as sparse and inconsistent as the facial hair sprinkled across his face. I don’t know what he’s spent most of his life doing. His life has been kind of like the universe. It’s mostly just an empty mystery.

Photo of Scott Bayo by Scott Bayo.

In his youth he was handsome for a boy with no lips, but now he’s just okay. That happens to a lot of people with or without lips, especially the ones who don’t get plastic surgery. I would hate to see what I would look like if I’d never gotten any plastic surgery.

I can’t really remember what Scott’s voice sounds like or what kinds of expressions he can make. Probably all the normal ones like anyone else. All I can really remember is that Fonzie was really nice to him. I love Fonzie.

BEST FEATURE: His beautiful feathered hair.
WORST FEATURE: The heartbreak I feel when I look at him.

Please join me next week when I’ll be reviewing mud.

TED WILSON REVIEWS THE WORLD: THE WRITING JOB I TURNED DOWN